Police Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Essay

Police Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) "Police corruption undermines the foundation of our city..." "Officers who use the shield of service as a sword to commit crimes jeopardize the safety of all of us, and they do dishonor to their colleagues and to the city they swore to protect." Alejandro N. Mayorkas, United States Attorney, Central District of California, (U.S. Department of Justice News Release, 2000). Police corruption is not a new problem in society and there is not a standard way to deal with it. Police officers have enormous power and responsibility and are asked to make difficult decisions. There is not an exact guide to behavior for police officers so their discretion can lead to corruption (Monkkonen, 1999). The existence of police corruption in America has created a negative public view of law enforcement. Police corruption has deteriorated the relationship between law enforcement and the community. In the past four years, more than 500 officers in 47 cities have been convicted of various federal crimes. Local and state authorities in 32 other jurisdictions are either engaged in active investigations or prosecutions of dirty cops (Johnson,1998) . FBI Director Louis J. Freeh has stated: "The insidious nature of police corruption inherently undermines the confidence of the American people in one of the basic tenets of democracy that law enforcement officers will honestly and fairly protect and serve the citizens to whom they answer. The selfish and deceitful acts of a few cannot be allowed to impugn the integrity of the law enforcement profession." (U.S. Department of Justice,1998). The existence of police corruption in society raises many important questions. What causes police of... ... Los Angeles Police Department, "Board of Inquiry into the Rampart Area Corruption Incident"01 March 2000; available from http://www.lapdonline.org/pdf_files/pc/boi_pub.pdf U.S. Department of Justice, "Los Angeles Police Officer, Ex-Cop Indicted on Federal Conspiracy Charges", news release, 05 April 2000; (photocopied). Monkkonen, Erik, "Crossing the (Blue) Line The Problem With Commissions", Los Angeles Times, 26 Sept 1999, p. M-1. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, news release, 21 Jan 1998; Available from http://www.fbi.gov/pressrm/pressrel/pressrel98/police.htm "Report: LA Convictions May Be Tossed", The Associated Press, 18 April 2000. James A. Inciardi, Criminal Justice, 3rd. ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1990. Lawrence W. Sherman, Scandal and Reform, Berkely: University of California Press, 1978.

Women’s contemporary work

In the United States the labor market is strongly segregated according to sex: there are distinctive men's and women's occupations, jobs, and work tasks. Examples of women's gender-non-traditional occupations are: engineer, manager of a private business, technician, police officer, auto mechanic. This work reveals some of these hidden aspects of women's work. In different ways, the studies reported here point to the pervasiveness of gender as an organizing principle in the world of employment. The first goal of this paper is to identify the systematic and institutionally created and reinforced dimensions of women's work experience. The paper shows how gender affects the ways in which women are included in the labor force, the impact of work technologies, the threat of sexual harassment, government policy toward workers, the accessibility of labor organizations, the ability to protest collectively, and employed mothers' attitudes toward their work lives as related to the division of labor at home. Today the majority of working-age women (18-64) are in the labor force. Single and divorced women tend to have higher labor force participation rates than married or older widowed women, but marital status is having a decreasing effect on women's chances of working for pay. Although giving birth has traditionally been a reason for women to drop out of paid work and begin full-time homemaking, as the labor force participation rate for women has increased, the rate for mothers of young children has increased even faster. By 1983, half of all mothers of two-year-olds were in the labor force, and the proportion of women working increased with the age of the youngest child (Waldman 1983). Over their lifetimes, virtually all women will spend more years in the labor force than as child rearers. Most women, like most men, work as individuals for large or small companies and agencies; the family enterprise has virtually disappeared. The last holdout, the family farm, has largely gone under in the 1980s farm crisis. In 1983, 93 percent of employed women were wage and salary workers, working neither for themselves nor in family businesses, but for companies and businesses. Women workers are important to all industrial sectors. Women are more than 50 percent of the workers in retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services, particularly entertainment, health, hospitals, elementary and secondary education, welfare, and religion. Only in agriculture, mining, and construction are women less than 20 percent of the workers. Fox and Hess-Biber (1984) have summarized the extensive body of research on women workers: The occupations held by women are concentrated in the secondary labor market – jobs characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, little chance for advancement, lack of stability, and personalized employer/employee relations conducive to arbitrary and capricious work discipline. Although there has been some limited decline in sex segregation since 1970, the work world remains basically segregated into men's jobs and women's jobs. Even the slight decline appears less positive when examined closely: women tend to be able to enter previously male work when those occupations are declining in power and status and males are able to find better jobs elsewhere. On the whole, women have been able to increase their numbers in the labor force because the occupations and industries into which they are segregated have been expanding their need for labor. The barriers to occupational change are extensive, and involve both public and private patriarchy: childhood socialization of boys and girls to want different work, discriminatory practices of career counselors and employment firms, corporate personnel practices, harassment by male coworkers, failure of government to require affirmative action, reluctance of women to face the battles and hostilities that would result from their entering nontraditional work, child care responsibilities, and the refusal or inability of husbands to share housework and child care equally. Women's wages tend to be lower than men's even within the same occupational groupings, whether these are professional subspecialties or blue-collar work. On the whole, women and men do not work in the same occupations. The expansion of women's paid work since World War II has been less in professional or highly paid technical work, and more in service occupations characterized by low pay and lack of promotion opportunities. In some cases the hierarchical relationship of men and women is built directly into the work structure of individuals. The relation of an executive secretary to an executive is that of an â€Å"office wife†. In other cases the hierarchy is occupational. Staff doctors, predominantly male, leave orders for hospital nurses (predominantly female) to carry out. Management of the labor force is a white male prerogative. Although low-level management positions may be filled by women, 96. 5 percent of persons making $50,000 or more in executive, administrative, or managerial positions in the 1980 census were males; 94. 9 percent were white males. Among members of professional specialties making $50,000 or more, 96 percent were male and 90 percent were white males (U. S. Census Bureau 1980). The higher-level managers not only manage the labor force, they also set and carry out the policies and programs of business, public administration, education, medicine, and other fields. Nor does government offer an antidote to disproportionate male power. In 1982, women were only 12 percent of state legislators and 6 percent of mayors; in 1983 they were only 4 percent of the U. S. Congress (U. S. Census Bureau 1985). Promotion tracks tend to require a flow of family work mothers generally lack. Promotion in skilled and semiskilled blue-collar jobs typically depends not on outside schooling but on on-the-job training. Skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers are trained through apprenticeships, many of which require nighttime classes for several years. This may contribute to the fact that women were only 7 percent of registered apprentices in 1991. Semiskilled workers learn their jobs often in training programs that take place in overtime. This means that women are excluded from such training because they are less likely to have a family member available to care for their children (Kemp 247). An increasing amount of control over women's daily labor is held by employers, not husbands. Husbands may willingly accept, even urge, wives to engage in less homemaking and child care in recognition that what women can buy with the money they earn working may be more valuable than what they can produce through their unpaid labor at home. What they can buy depends on what goods and services companies offer; in other words, what employees are paid to do. The goods and services that are produced, the conditions of the work that produces them, and the market relations under which they are offered to clients and customers are all hierarchically ordered. American society is capitalist. The increase of public patriarchy is an increase in the power of corporate managers and the upper class. It is an increase in the power of higher-level men at the expense of the erstwhile privileges of lower-level men. Upper-level men continue to have stay-at-home wives and in addition have women employees, whereas lower-level men have either no wives or working wives and are themselves employees. They obtain goods and services to the extent that the decision-making elite considers the provision of such goods and services to be in the interest of the elite, and to the extent that the men's wage levels or other statuses permit. Although the benefit is largely to the upper-level men, it is not only to them. The jobs of many working women are oriented to giving â€Å"service with a smile,† making life nicer for men at all levels (Hochschild 1983). Examples range from television entertainers, provided free by advertisers to everyone with access to a television set, to airline flight attendants, provided by airlines to those who can afford to fly. It could be said that under public patriarchy, women are provided as a public good for all men. Poorer men who could never afford homemaker wives may now receive the services of working women, albeit at a much lower level. For example, men in some public chronic care hospitals have their beds made and rooms cleaned by women workers. Women's benefit from public patriarchy depends on their economic class and their family status. Although women's wages are well below men's, professional women's wages are higher than unskilled women's wages. Clearly, what can be bought can be bought better by those with more income. The career woman combines freedom and income to a greater extent than other women except those with clear title to inherited wealth. Those who perceive themselves as powerless and fit mainly for motherhood will reject policies and practices connected with public patriarchy. These particulars may be less matters of income and more matters of education and class background. Low-income women may be better off under the programs of the welfare state than under the power of lowincome husbands. Women may get both jobs in the public sector and services from the public sector. Services to low-income people are provided to women as well as men (such as free television or Medicaid hospital beds). Married women at most levels of the class system may enter the welfare system when they become divorced. Compared with husbands, public agencies may be more reliable, more amenable to negotiation, and less likely to become violent while drunk. The increase in working women and the increasing importance of public patriarchy have various implications for men and women. Lower wages and job segregation for women assure the continuation of male domination. Speaking of the relation between women's low wages in public and their subordination in the family, Heidi Hartmann ( 1981b) says, â€Å"The lower pay women receive in the labor market both perpetuates men's material advantage over women and encourages women to choose wifery as a career. Second, then, women do housework, childcare, and perform other services at home which benefit men directly. Women's home responsibilities in turn reinforce their inferior labor market position† (p. 22). Thus public patriarchy continues to uphold private patriarchy even as it undercuts and changes it. Just as women differ from each other, so they share a number of common features almost irrespective of their race, class, and family responsibilities. All women's wages are lower than those of equivalently skilled and qualified men; all women are vulnerable to stereotypical assumptions about their aptitudes and their commitment to work, in particular, about the potential impact of their current or future children upon their work; all women are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Despite the factors which distinguish women from each other, it is still possible to discuss the disadvantages that women suffer as a group. Minority women are differentially affected by the change. Black men and women have always been subject to a patriarchy originating outside of, and destructive to, their family structure. In the early stages of the women's movement some feminists seemed to envy black women their freedom from the private patriarchy of black husbands, without recognizing the oppression they suffered from the public patriarchy of white, male-dominated society. For black women and for other minorities, the family can be both a source of oppression and a protection against the worst excesses of capitalism. It has been suggested that there are very likely to be increased opportunities – in terms of both recruitment and promotion – for women in the field of computing as a consequence of its internal organisational shifts. Commentators are divided as to whether the kinds of social and communication skills which are now seen as critical for such work are attributable to nature or nurture, but are united in thinking that we are more likely to find them in women than in men. Women, typically, are seen as more empathetic, creators of harmony as opposed to hostility, of co-operation. The new technologies associated with computers are being hailed or decried as the basis of a new revolution for women. Women's labor force participation remains high for all ages and marital statuses. But past experience has made it clear that employment in occupations may expand or contract with economic change. There is evidence that the high-tech economy will automate some of the services and clerical work that have been the mainstay of women's employment. One possibility is that decreased employment will send women back into the home. Housewife† has often been a euphemism for â€Å"unemployed,† and may become so to a greater extent. It is not clear, however, that unemployed women will in fact become housewives supported entirely by their husbands (Bose 90). Private patriarchy declined in part because many men did not see a benefit to themselves in supporting a wife. Perhaps unemployed women will become divorced unemployed women. Perhaps they will become welfare mothe rs subject to a particularly important part of the public patriarchy. Perhaps they will find jobs in newly developing industries. All of these changes have taken place within a relatively short space of time. There is no denying that women's employment rights have radically increased in that time. But for all of this, women still earn a great deal less than men (if full-time and part-time women workers are considered together, about 70 per cent of men's hourly wages). Occupational segregation has remained almost constant to date and women are still concentrated, for the most part, at the bottom of the wage hierarchy. A few women have broken through one or more layers of glass ceiling, but the majority remains in jobs which, however demanding and skilled, pay less than those jobs in which men work. The social division of labor is maintained. Women do women's work and men do men's work, both in the home and in the paid work place. Women's work is low paid or unpaid; men's work is higher-paid, enabling men on the whole to buy women's work both at home and in the market. Control over social policies remains in the hands of men.

Correlation Between Professional Networking And The Film...

The purpose of this research paper is to examine whether or not professional networking plays a role in the success of a film composer and if so, how significant that role is. This study will provide an overview of the correlation between professional networking and the film music industry. The first part of this paper will give a general overview of the film music industry and the type of experiences one would have in the profession. The study will then look into more specific instances of professional networking in the film music industry by analysing case studies of significant composers and how their careers have been affected by professional networking. While there is not really a shortage of film and television being created, breaking into the film music industry can be quite difficult. Being a film composer requires a very broad spectrum of skills. You need to be skilled at composing and producing music, that much is a given. But to really succeed you need to have interpersonal and business skills. These skills are crucial to creating and maintaining professional networks which are the key to getting work in this industry. In the end it really comes down to being in the right place at the right time and knowing the right people. It is important to be able to work with other people since there will be other people working on the same project as you. You must be well skilled in communicating with directors to help create what they want because sometimes a directorShow MoreRelatedDigital Media2221 Words   |  9 Pagesfundamental to an informed and educated public.(Pavlik, McIntosh 2004). â€Å"An important aspect of digitization is that the boundaries between different media have brought into question, and a presupposition has the developer that we are in an era of media convergence† (Storsul,Fagerjord (2008). 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A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner And The Yellowpaper...

Throughout the history of society, specifically during the years prior to the era of feminism, people have place women as the weaker gender. In literature , there have been many instances where women have been outshined and neglected by men because their works or contribution s are deemed to be inferior and noncompliant in the eyes of men. Men are seen as â€Å"autocratic ruler† of a household and thus they feel it’s their responsibility to constantly overlook and protect women due to their inferiority that society has placed on them, as a result, men feel superior to women. Nevertheless, men are not mindful of the effects and outcomes of their patriarchal domination on women: depression, losing touch of reality, isolation, and worst of all, losing their sanity. An example in literature that displays this type of structure of society where women can become victims of patriarchal conditions takes place in the short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faul kner and â€Å"The Yellowpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Both women, the main character Emily Grierson from Faulkner’s story and the narrator from Gilman’s story, though they have different circumstances, are similar in a unique way as they are both held back by the male figures in their households within the patriarchal society, and as a result, they lose touch within each of their societies and are forced to insanity. Feminists have described patriarchy as a system of oppression to women. Second-wave feminists, who

Computer Memory - 2193 Words

A. VOLATILE MEMORY Volatile memory, also known as volatile storage, is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information, unlike non-volatile memory which does not require a maintained power supply. It has been less popularly known as term Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory. The main memory (the RAM) in personal computers is Dynamic RAM (DRAM), as is the RAM of home game†¦show more content†¦Z-RAM has been licensed by Advanced Micro Devices for possible use in future microprocessors. Innovative Silicon claims the technology offers memory access speeds similar to the standard six-transistor SRAM cell used in cache memory but uses only a single transistor, therefore affording much higher packing densities. Z-RAM relies on the floating body effect, an artifact of the SOI process technology which places transistors in isolated tubs (the transistor body voltages float with respect to the wafer substrate underneath the tubs). The floating body effect causes a variable capacitance to appear between the bottom of the tub and the underlying substrate, and was a problem that originally bedeviled circuit designs. The same effect, however, allows a DRAM-like cell to be built without adding a separate capacitor, the floating body effect taking the place of the conventional capacitor. 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Alternative Pain Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify the most obvious similarities and differences between your chosen policy, or procedure or protocol. 2.Discuss using evidence why you believe one of these policies, or procedures, or protocols is more rigorous than the other. 3.Focuss on the differences suggest possible reasons why this might be the case eg: cultural differences, a new Organisation as opposed to an old one, size of the organisation, relevance of the policy to the organisations client base, resources available to the organisation etc. Answers: Introduction Pain management is a very crucial area of healthcare services and is gaining more importance in the relevant field with each passing day. The upsurge in the rate of complex incurable sickness globally is demanding for more alternate pain management procedures to be implemented. This is particularly useful in coping up with the challenges faced in end-of-life palliative care. In this respect, people suffering from diseases such as cancer often have to go through aggressive treatment methods. This sometimes results in unbearable pain in the patients and need to appropriate mitigation strategies. Additionally, people suffering from diabetic neuropathy often secondary rheumatoid arthritis making movement difficult for them. 1.Similarities and differences between chosen procedures The alternative pain management strategies are used in conjunction with conventional medicines and are known as complimentary medicine. Some of the common procedures of alternative pain management strategies are aromatherapy, yoga, acupuncture, relaxation and herbal remedies. The overall goal of the application of alternative pain management strategies is to promote overall healing of the mind and body. The method implies a rather holistic aspect is implemented, where much of the emphasis is given to physical and mental well being of the people. Some of the interpersonal attributes such as compassion and care need to be placed in the middle of the strategy. However, both the approaches are person-centred and provide sufficient power and autonomy to the patients in deciding their chosen methods of care. For the current study, we have chosen alternate pain management, which is based upon a number of procedures. Here, we have focussed upon pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological procedures. The pharmacological pathway is mainly dependent upon the administration of medicines and injections for controlling pain in the patients. On the contrary , The non-pharmacological pathway is mainly focussed upon the holistic care approaches for relieving the acute symptoms in the patients. The patients suffering from spinal and musculoskeletal problems may be provided with physiotherapy treatment methods. Some of these include spinal and extremity manipulation, functional training, therapeutic exercise. Additionally, patient education and counselling can also help in the management of the symptoms of pain though behavioural manipulation (Argoff, 2014). This is also known as biofeedback where the patients are given more control over their body and relative pain management by manipulating their response or behaviours. However, for acute pain management some of the effective medications which could be followed are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, mild and strong opioids. These are generally used for the control of excessive pain in patients suffering from tumours and other similar situations. As argued by Chou et al .(2016), insulin administration two times a day to keep blood glucose levels in control often becomes annoying for the patients. Therefore, providing them with alternate medical strategies and solutions helps in reducing the health restrictions. Some of the alternate non-pharmacological therapies which can be used for regulating the daily health condition of the patients are light walking and jogging exercises. In this context, conditions such as diabetes are often seen to be associated with aggravated conditions within the patient, which results in swelling of the hands and legs. As commented by Trail-Mahan et al. (2013), light exercises have been seen to increase the levels of serotonin and dopamine in the patients, which act as a mood elevator. However, for the handling and management of pain in palliative or end of life care non-pharmacological interventions alone are not sufficient and need extensive drug therapy over longer periods. 2.Comparison of the procedures The study further compares the two different approaches to pain management which are pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. In order to compare the two intervention methods, we need to study the methods in detail. Non-pharmacologic pain management The non-pharmacologic intervention reduces the dependency on analgesics along with reducing the plausible side effects. There are a number of additional benefits of using alternate and non-pharma intervention strategies. Some of these are improving mood, reducing anxiety within the patient population, providing the patient with more autonomy. The choice of therapy is fixed depending upon a number of assessments such as type of the pain, duration of the pain, severity of the pain, the preferences of the patient and their respective family members (Volkow and McLellan, 2016). Based on these three different approaches have been discussed over here which includes the psychological approaches, physical rehabilitative approaches, surgical approaches. The aim of the incorporation of such methods is to provide the patients with additional stability. The psychological approaches include providing cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, relaxation and psychotherapy. One of the most used and understated alternative pain management approaches used is biofeedback. The method is used by psychologist to analyse the psyche of patients who feel vulnerable and weak. The sophisticated biofeedback instruments allow the clients to see subtle changes in their physiological activities. The computerised programs allow the patient to understand their reactions to internal and external stressors. The external stressors include pressure at work, whereas the internal stressors include the burden of our own thoughts and perceptions. As asserted by Deyo (2015), such analysis helps the patients in gaining better control over some of their daily set of activities such as breathing, heart rate, muscle tension. The cognitive behaviour therapy, on the other hand, allows the patient to focus on the larger picture. It is based upon distracting the attention of the patient to more positive stuff such as hobbies, spending time with the loved ones and families. Some of the relaxation techniques which could be applied over here are deep breathing which controls the level of the flight hormone and reduces the sensation of pain in the patients. However as argued by Schug and Goddard (2014), providing the patients with mild anti-depressants could also help in producing a calming effect in case of acute pain. Therefore, cognitive behavioural therapies alone are not sufficient for effective pain management in the patients. The physical rehabilitative approaches are mainly based upon inculcation of light exercises within the daily routine of the patients. As commented by Schreiber et al. (2014), such methods are effective in pain management in chronic non-cancer pains (CNCP). In this respect, posture training and ergonomics of healthcare units are also taken into consideration for providing the patient with better care and relieving the pain of the patients. The surgical approaches are provided in utmost cases where both the pharmacological and the non-pharmacological methods fail to provide sufficient support to the patients. In the context of tumour removal, the growing undifferentiated mass of tissue may be building constant pressure against the nerves. This results in the development of acute pain within the patients and could be only cured with the help of surgical interventions. However, as argued by Gelinas et al.(2013), the intervention of the least invasive surgical approaches have helped in the reduction of anxiety in the patients regarding the pros and the consequences. Some of the sophisticated methods such as laparoscopy and sonication have been found to be effective in removing tumours and eradicating tumour related pain (Jensen and Turk, 2014). The surgeries are often followed by parallel administration of opioids for after surgical pain management. Pharmacological pain management The pharmacological pain management can be divided into several types based on the type of pain and the particular kind of drugs used for controlling the pain. The discussion has been based upon the commonly used drugs and the general procedures followed for determining the drug doses. The drug could be divided into several classes such as non-opioid analgesics, opioid analgesics and co-analgesics. The non-steroidal analgesics include acetaminophen non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Some of the core medicines which belong to this group are aspirin and salicylic acid derivatives. These have been known to reduce the sensation of pain in the pain in the patient temporality and are applied locally. The opioid here are a class of drug derived from opium poppy and are prescribed for the management of pain in the patients (Chou et al. 2016). This class of drugs have been seen to produce a variety of symptoms in the patients such as mild confusion or drowsiness to hallucinations in the extreme cases. Therefore, the opioids are often balanced with light physical exercises and active daily routines, which reduce the tendency of dependency on medicine alone. As asserted by Volkow and McLellan (2016), high incidents of opioid neurotoxicity have called for alternative alternate solutions or strategies. In this respect, some of the non-opioid medications have been found to be effective in controlling and reducing pain in acute and chronic conditions such as pain due to cancer, arthritis, postoperative pain. Some of the examples of non-opioid medications are paraminophenols, salicylates (aspirin, diflunisal), propionic acid derivatives (ibuprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen). The acetophinomen acts via a central mechanism and produces effects within minutes to hours. However, as argued by Gelinas et al. (2013), both the opioids and the non-oipoid acts through different mechanisms. Therefore, a combinatorial effect is required along with light physical exercises and intervention approaches which produced much longer and viable effects. This is because dependency over the medicinal approaches alone can result in pseudoaddiction within the patients (Franklin, 2014). A number of evidence can be stated over here for effective pain management within the patient population. Here, discussions with reference to both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been done. In this respect, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has proposed standards, alternate measures and initiatives to improve pain management. The JCAHO guidelines stated that providing combinatorial pain management approaches to the patient helps in the quantification of the effects of a given therapy on the health of the patient (Simpson et al. 2014). The JCAHO standards have stressed upon appropriate pain management facilities for ambulatory care services, home care, hospitals and long-term care organizations. The need for the pharma and the non-pharma clinical approaches of pain management have been further justified through a set of guidelines: Recognise the right of patient to appropriate management and assessment of pain Screening the nature and intensity of pain in all patients Orientation of newly appointed staffs for effective pain management through pharmacological and non-pharmacological assessment methods including data keeping and active documentation. The patients and their respective families need to be educated regarding the pain control methods through cognitive and behavioural approaches 3.Differences between procedures There lie a number of differences between the procedures for pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention methods. The pharmacological methods are based upon direct administration routes in the form of tablets and blood administration through syringe. They result in fast and temporary relief to the patients in case of acute pain. However, there are limitations as constant syringe push might result in the development of pressure ulcers in the patients (Martorella et al. 2014). Additionally, constant dependence on medications produces effect such as pseudoaddiction in the patients. The pharmacological methods of treatment produce pain relief through mild sedative effects. On the contrary, the non-pharmacological methods of disease control results in development of more agility in the patients along with bringing about a positive change in the health and pain perception of the patients. The non-pharma methods do not have plausible side effects and could be continued over long term along with prescribed pain management drugs. The differences within the use and applicability of the procedures could be attributed to a number of factors such as cultural differences. As commented by Schreiber et al. (2014), the cultural beliefs possessed within a population often affect their health behaviours and approaches. In this respect, some of the indigenous Australians may prefer to use alternative medication approaches rather than rigorous drug therapies; which have potential side effect over the long term. In addition, change in the organizational approaches and policies often affect their manners of service delivery. In this respect some may follow a conventional mode of pain management with more emphasis upon physical methods such as exercises. Similarly, the size of the client base and the organizational resources are some other important factors. As commented by Gelinas et al (2013), resource limitation may impact upon the positive outcomes to be achieved by the healthcare unit. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the aspect of pain management and emphasizes upon two distinct methods of pain control in acute and non-acute care. These are pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention methods which are used together within the current medical context to relive the aggrieved conditions in the patient. The pharma based methods are mainly dependent upon the administration of medicines for controlling pain. These have often been found to be associated with a number of side effects. The alternative methods and approaches, on the other hand, provides a more holistic way out for long term pain management in acute conditions such as arthritis and other lethal conditions such as cancer. However, in some of the situations such as pain due to post operative concerns and tumours immediate surgical drug therapy is needed. References Argoff, C.E., (2014). Recent management advances in acute postoperative pain.Pain Practice,14(5), pp.477-487. Chou, R., Gordon, D.B., de Leon-Casasola, O.A., Rosenberg, J.M., Bickler, S., Brennan, T., Carter, T., Cassidy, C.L., Chittenden, E.H., Degenhardt, E. and Griffith, S., (2016). Management of Postoperative Pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council.The Journal of Pain,17(2), pp.131-157. Deyo, R.A., Von Korff, M. and Duhrkoop, D., (2015). Opioids for low back pain.Bmj,350, p.g6380. Franklin, G.M., (2014). Opioids for chronic noncancer pain A position paper of the American Academy of Neurology.Neurology,83(14), pp.1277-1284. Gelinas, C., Arbour, C., Michaud, C., Robar, L. and Ct, J., (2013). Patients and ICU nurses' perspectives of non?pharmacological interventions for pain management. Nursing in critical care,18(6), pp.307-318. Jensen, M.P. and Turk, D.C., (2014). Contributions of psychology to the understanding and treatment of people with chronic pain: Why it matters to ALL psychologists.American Psychologist,69(2), p.105. Joshi, G.P. and Kehlet, H., (2013). Procedure-specific Pain ManagementThe Road to Improve Postsurgical Pain Management?.Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists,118(4), pp.780-782. Martorella, G., Boitor, M., Michaud, C. and Glinas, C., (2014). Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit.Heart Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care,43(5), pp.437-444. Scholten, A.C., Berben, S.A.A., Westmaas, A.H., van Grunsven, P.M., de Vaal, E.T., Rood, P.P., Hoogerwerf, N., Doggen, C.J.M., Schoonhoven, L. and Emergency Pain Study Group, (2015). Pain management in trauma patients in (pre) hospital based emergency care: current practice versus new guideline.Injury,46(5), pp.798-806. Schreiber, J.A., Cantrell, D., Moe, K.A., Hench, J., McKinney, E., Lewis, C.P., Weir, A. and Brockopp, D., (2014). Improving knowledge, assessment, and attitudes related to pain management: evaluation of an intervention.Pain Management Nursing,15(2), pp.474-481. Schug, S.A. and Goddard, C., (2014). Recent advances in the pharmacological management of acute and chronic pain.Annals of palliative medicine,3(4), pp.263-275. Simmons, S.F., Schnelle, J.F., Saraf, A.A., Simon Coelho, C., Jacobsen, J.M.L., Kripalani, S., Bell, S., Mixon, A. and Vasilevskis, E.E., (2015). Pain and satisfaction with pain management among older patients during the transition from acute to skilled nursing care.The Gerontologist,56(6), pp.1138-1145. Simpson, P.M., Fouche, P.F., Thomas, R.E. and Bendall, J.C., (2014). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relieving acute pain in the prehospital setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.European Journal of Emergency Medicine,21(1), pp.10-17. Trail-Mahan, T., Mao, C.L. and Bawel-Brinkley, K., (2013). Complementary and alternative medicine: nurses attitudes and knowledge.Pain Management Nursing,14(4), pp.277-286. Volkow, N.D. and McLellan, A.T., (2016). Opioid abuse in chronic painmisconceptions and mitigation strategies.New England Journal of Medicine,374(13), pp.1253-1263.

Financial Management Theory and Applications †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management Theory and Applications. Answer: Introduction: Any changes in accounting activities have the ability to alter financial information for given period. In that case, company plans to change accounting principles reporting entities or estimates the company that should follow a reporting framework as it has been established by FASB (Stice Stice, 2013). In addition, it is needed to disclose the changes in the financial statement of a company especially with changes in accounting estimates. Therefore, company cannot always determine the future prospect when certain assets are involves as well as company need to report estimates based on current values of assets or in that case depreciation methods. The company will have higher cash inflow as a result of change in principles and estimates. In order to remain ahead of competition, the company should adopt declining balance method. This is due to the reason because declining balance method is preferable as the cash flow will be higher for given years. Using this depreciation method will be suitable for long-term assets and managing it for given period of time. This method should be adopted by the company as it helps in getting better results during initial years. The income of the company determines the accounting methods when it makes use of estimations in the most appropriate way. The accounting principle of full disclosure needs the presentation as shown in the financial statement of the company. The particular schedule discloses the details of each of the contract stage of completion as well as profitability to date and current period of reporting. It is the responsibility of the management to makes the accounting estimations for a company that include financial statements. The estimation made can be either subjective or objective in nature as it results to an estimation of an amount during the date of financial statements. The judgment of the management purely based on the knowledge as well as experience on matters relating to past and current events for possi ble course of action. At the time of evaluating the financial statement of any company, it is important for the management to identify all the accounting estimates by adopting the methods of conducting business activities as well as new accounting pronouncements and many other external factors (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). It is important for the management to obtain an understanding on how management developed an estimate. The management needs to use combination of approaches that need to review as well as testing process used by the company in developing an estimate. It is essential to develop an independent expectation of the estimate for coordinating with the estimation of the management (Petty et al., 2015). Errors that are counter balanced will have no direct effect on the debit as well as credit side of the financial statement. It is due to the fact that errors that are set off with each other will have affected on the financial statements directly (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Furthermore, the errors need to be determined if there is any counterbalances or when the journal entry is required to correct the books of entry as a whole. Any accounting office if scrutinized properly have errors in their general ledger as it is made or prepared by using manpower or human resource. Due to this, it gives rise to human error that can be minimized by using technology or computerized information systems (Petty et al., 2015). It is thereby recommended to correct the errors when it is detected within the current period. If in case, the errors are not detected, some try to fix themselves for given period of time or take several years to correct the same. There is particularly no difference between th ese errors as it will counterbalance and carried out from one period to other. It is important to identify the differences and then provide justification for the same for given period of time. On identifying the differences, it is noted that these issues have no direct effect on the balance sheet or income statement accounts for given period of time frame. It is therefore needed to implement a systematic method that will help to analyze the error for determining the counterbalance entry or journal entry if in case it is needed to implement in the books of entry (Arnold 2013). The present study properly explains the concept that errors need be minimized as far as possible so that there are no misstated figures in the financial statements. Reference List Arnold, G., 2013.Corporate financial management. Pearson Higher Ed. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Petty, J.W., Titman, S., Keown, A.J., Martin, P., Martin, J.D. and Burrow, M., 2015.Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Stice, E. K., Stice, J. D. (2013).Intermediate accounting. Cengage Learning.