A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner And The Yellowpaper...

Throughout the history of society, specifically during the years prior to the era of feminism, people have place women as the weaker gender. In literature , there have been many instances where women have been outshined and neglected by men because their works or contribution s are deemed to be inferior and noncompliant in the eyes of men. Men are seen as â€Å"autocratic ruler† of a household and thus they feel it’s their responsibility to constantly overlook and protect women due to their inferiority that society has placed on them, as a result, men feel superior to women. Nevertheless, men are not mindful of the effects and outcomes of their patriarchal domination on women: depression, losing touch of reality, isolation, and worst of all, losing their sanity. An example in literature that displays this type of structure of society where women can become victims of patriarchal conditions takes place in the short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faul kner and â€Å"The Yellowpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Both women, the main character Emily Grierson from Faulkner’s story and the narrator from Gilman’s story, though they have different circumstances, are similar in a unique way as they are both held back by the male figures in their households within the patriarchal society, and as a result, they lose touch within each of their societies and are forced to insanity. Feminists have described patriarchy as a system of oppression to women. Second-wave feminists, who

Computer Memory - 2193 Words

A. VOLATILE MEMORY Volatile memory, also known as volatile storage, is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information, unlike non-volatile memory which does not require a maintained power supply. It has been less popularly known as term Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory. The main memory (the RAM) in personal computers is Dynamic RAM (DRAM), as is the RAM of home game†¦show more content†¦Z-RAM has been licensed by Advanced Micro Devices for possible use in future microprocessors. Innovative Silicon claims the technology offers memory access speeds similar to the standard six-transistor SRAM cell used in cache memory but uses only a single transistor, therefore affording much higher packing densities. Z-RAM relies on the floating body effect, an artifact of the SOI process technology which places transistors in isolated tubs (the transistor body voltages float with respect to the wafer substrate underneath the tubs). The floating body effect causes a variable capacitance to appear between the bottom of the tub and the underlying substrate, and was a problem that originally bedeviled circuit designs. The same effect, however, allows a DRAM-like cell to be built without adding a separate capacitor, the floating body effect taking the place of the conventional capacitor. Because the capacitor is located under the transistor (instead of adjacent to, or above the transistor as in conventional DRAMs), another connotation of the name Z-RAM is that it extends in the negative z-direction. †¢ TTRAM Twin Transistor RAM (TTRAM) is a new type of computer memory in development by Renesas. TTRAM is similar to conventional one-transistor, one-capacitor DRAM inShow MoreRelatedComputer Memory3238 Words   |  13 PagesComputer Memory 1.Introduction: Just like humans, computers rely a lot on memory. They need to process and store data, just like we do. However, computers store data in digital format, which means the information can always be called up exactly the way it was stored. computer memory - an electronic memory device; a memory and the CPU form the central part of a computer to which peripherals are attached 1.1History of memory: In the early 1940s, memory technology mostly permitted a capacityRead MoreComputer Memory1614 Words   |  7 PagesComputer Memory Basics Although memory is technically any form of electronic storage, it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage. If your computers CPU had to constantly access the hard drive to retrieve every piece of data it needs, it would operate very slowly. When the information is kept in memory, the CPU can access it much more quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to store data temporarily. 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Hacking is where third parties create a backdoor version of a hardware and software so as to manipulate or unlockRead MoreComputer Memory Hacking Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesComputer  Memory  Hacking                      Computer  Memory  Hacking   Rebecca  M.  Shepherd   CIS  106  Intoduction  to  Information  Technology   Professor  Dima  Salman   Stayer  University  Ã‚   November  23,  2014                                 Computer  Memory  Hacking    Hacking  of  memory  or  hacking  of  RAM  describes  when  a  person  or  person(s)  gains   unauthorized  access  to  the  RAM  (random  access  memory)  of  a  computer  system.  There  a  couple   of  reasons  that  one  might  participate  in  hacking  the  memory  of  a  computer  system.  One  reason  Read MoreMemory is the function of storage in a computer comes in a lot of different sizes, types and800 Words   |  4 PagesMemory is the function of storage in a computer comes in a lot of different sizes, types and shapes. There are two basic categories: short-term and long-term. A classic computer contains several types of memory including RAM, ROM, cache, and various long-term storage devices. Each type of computer memory serves a detailed function and purpose. Computer memory is dignified in bytes. A single byte is made up of a series of 1s and 0s normally traveling in sets of eight. These eight 0s and 1s areRead MoreComputer Security : Memory Controlr Overflow731 Words   |  3 Pagesbuffers, or memory allocations exploits eventually giving the attacker full control over a compromised system. This takes place when a process or programme writes or attempts to write data onto a static sized memory block than it was initially allocated. By taking advantage of the buffer overflow attacker are always aiming to completely take control of the whole system by elevating their privileges to the Admin rights. To successfully attain this they identify a function pointer in memory that theyRead MoreAn Array Is Stored In A Continuous Sequential Memory Computers762 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresented in a larger format requires more complex circuitry and more time for executing the codes. Either of them will slow the program execution. 3. An array is stored in a continuous sequential memory locations. Where the first element is stored in the lowest address. Linked list is stored in memory as unordered 7 non continuous set of list element. Where each consisting of a data value and a pointer to the next data list element. Arrays Linked List Compact easier to read or write Not compact

Alternative Pain Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify the most obvious similarities and differences between your chosen policy, or procedure or protocol. 2.Discuss using evidence why you believe one of these policies, or procedures, or protocols is more rigorous than the other. 3.Focuss on the differences suggest possible reasons why this might be the case eg: cultural differences, a new Organisation as opposed to an old one, size of the organisation, relevance of the policy to the organisations client base, resources available to the organisation etc. Answers: Introduction Pain management is a very crucial area of healthcare services and is gaining more importance in the relevant field with each passing day. The upsurge in the rate of complex incurable sickness globally is demanding for more alternate pain management procedures to be implemented. This is particularly useful in coping up with the challenges faced in end-of-life palliative care. In this respect, people suffering from diseases such as cancer often have to go through aggressive treatment methods. This sometimes results in unbearable pain in the patients and need to appropriate mitigation strategies. Additionally, people suffering from diabetic neuropathy often secondary rheumatoid arthritis making movement difficult for them. 1.Similarities and differences between chosen procedures The alternative pain management strategies are used in conjunction with conventional medicines and are known as complimentary medicine. Some of the common procedures of alternative pain management strategies are aromatherapy, yoga, acupuncture, relaxation and herbal remedies. The overall goal of the application of alternative pain management strategies is to promote overall healing of the mind and body. The method implies a rather holistic aspect is implemented, where much of the emphasis is given to physical and mental well being of the people. Some of the interpersonal attributes such as compassion and care need to be placed in the middle of the strategy. However, both the approaches are person-centred and provide sufficient power and autonomy to the patients in deciding their chosen methods of care. For the current study, we have chosen alternate pain management, which is based upon a number of procedures. Here, we have focussed upon pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological procedures. The pharmacological pathway is mainly dependent upon the administration of medicines and injections for controlling pain in the patients. On the contrary , The non-pharmacological pathway is mainly focussed upon the holistic care approaches for relieving the acute symptoms in the patients. The patients suffering from spinal and musculoskeletal problems may be provided with physiotherapy treatment methods. Some of these include spinal and extremity manipulation, functional training, therapeutic exercise. Additionally, patient education and counselling can also help in the management of the symptoms of pain though behavioural manipulation (Argoff, 2014). This is also known as biofeedback where the patients are given more control over their body and relative pain management by manipulating their response or behaviours. However, for acute pain management some of the effective medications which could be followed are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, mild and strong opioids. These are generally used for the control of excessive pain in patients suffering from tumours and other similar situations. As argued by Chou et al .(2016), insulin administration two times a day to keep blood glucose levels in control often becomes annoying for the patients. Therefore, providing them with alternate medical strategies and solutions helps in reducing the health restrictions. Some of the alternate non-pharmacological therapies which can be used for regulating the daily health condition of the patients are light walking and jogging exercises. In this context, conditions such as diabetes are often seen to be associated with aggravated conditions within the patient, which results in swelling of the hands and legs. As commented by Trail-Mahan et al. (2013), light exercises have been seen to increase the levels of serotonin and dopamine in the patients, which act as a mood elevator. However, for the handling and management of pain in palliative or end of life care non-pharmacological interventions alone are not sufficient and need extensive drug therapy over longer periods. 2.Comparison of the procedures The study further compares the two different approaches to pain management which are pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. In order to compare the two intervention methods, we need to study the methods in detail. Non-pharmacologic pain management The non-pharmacologic intervention reduces the dependency on analgesics along with reducing the plausible side effects. There are a number of additional benefits of using alternate and non-pharma intervention strategies. Some of these are improving mood, reducing anxiety within the patient population, providing the patient with more autonomy. The choice of therapy is fixed depending upon a number of assessments such as type of the pain, duration of the pain, severity of the pain, the preferences of the patient and their respective family members (Volkow and McLellan, 2016). Based on these three different approaches have been discussed over here which includes the psychological approaches, physical rehabilitative approaches, surgical approaches. The aim of the incorporation of such methods is to provide the patients with additional stability. The psychological approaches include providing cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, relaxation and psychotherapy. One of the most used and understated alternative pain management approaches used is biofeedback. The method is used by psychologist to analyse the psyche of patients who feel vulnerable and weak. The sophisticated biofeedback instruments allow the clients to see subtle changes in their physiological activities. The computerised programs allow the patient to understand their reactions to internal and external stressors. The external stressors include pressure at work, whereas the internal stressors include the burden of our own thoughts and perceptions. As asserted by Deyo (2015), such analysis helps the patients in gaining better control over some of their daily set of activities such as breathing, heart rate, muscle tension. The cognitive behaviour therapy, on the other hand, allows the patient to focus on the larger picture. It is based upon distracting the attention of the patient to more positive stuff such as hobbies, spending time with the loved ones and families. Some of the relaxation techniques which could be applied over here are deep breathing which controls the level of the flight hormone and reduces the sensation of pain in the patients. However as argued by Schug and Goddard (2014), providing the patients with mild anti-depressants could also help in producing a calming effect in case of acute pain. Therefore, cognitive behavioural therapies alone are not sufficient for effective pain management in the patients. The physical rehabilitative approaches are mainly based upon inculcation of light exercises within the daily routine of the patients. As commented by Schreiber et al. (2014), such methods are effective in pain management in chronic non-cancer pains (CNCP). In this respect, posture training and ergonomics of healthcare units are also taken into consideration for providing the patient with better care and relieving the pain of the patients. The surgical approaches are provided in utmost cases where both the pharmacological and the non-pharmacological methods fail to provide sufficient support to the patients. In the context of tumour removal, the growing undifferentiated mass of tissue may be building constant pressure against the nerves. This results in the development of acute pain within the patients and could be only cured with the help of surgical interventions. However, as argued by Gelinas et al.(2013), the intervention of the least invasive surgical approaches have helped in the reduction of anxiety in the patients regarding the pros and the consequences. Some of the sophisticated methods such as laparoscopy and sonication have been found to be effective in removing tumours and eradicating tumour related pain (Jensen and Turk, 2014). The surgeries are often followed by parallel administration of opioids for after surgical pain management. Pharmacological pain management The pharmacological pain management can be divided into several types based on the type of pain and the particular kind of drugs used for controlling the pain. The discussion has been based upon the commonly used drugs and the general procedures followed for determining the drug doses. The drug could be divided into several classes such as non-opioid analgesics, opioid analgesics and co-analgesics. The non-steroidal analgesics include acetaminophen non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Some of the core medicines which belong to this group are aspirin and salicylic acid derivatives. These have been known to reduce the sensation of pain in the pain in the patient temporality and are applied locally. The opioid here are a class of drug derived from opium poppy and are prescribed for the management of pain in the patients (Chou et al. 2016). This class of drugs have been seen to produce a variety of symptoms in the patients such as mild confusion or drowsiness to hallucinations in the extreme cases. Therefore, the opioids are often balanced with light physical exercises and active daily routines, which reduce the tendency of dependency on medicine alone. As asserted by Volkow and McLellan (2016), high incidents of opioid neurotoxicity have called for alternative alternate solutions or strategies. In this respect, some of the non-opioid medications have been found to be effective in controlling and reducing pain in acute and chronic conditions such as pain due to cancer, arthritis, postoperative pain. Some of the examples of non-opioid medications are paraminophenols, salicylates (aspirin, diflunisal), propionic acid derivatives (ibuprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen). The acetophinomen acts via a central mechanism and produces effects within minutes to hours. However, as argued by Gelinas et al. (2013), both the opioids and the non-oipoid acts through different mechanisms. Therefore, a combinatorial effect is required along with light physical exercises and intervention approaches which produced much longer and viable effects. This is because dependency over the medicinal approaches alone can result in pseudoaddiction within the patients (Franklin, 2014). A number of evidence can be stated over here for effective pain management within the patient population. Here, discussions with reference to both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been done. In this respect, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has proposed standards, alternate measures and initiatives to improve pain management. The JCAHO guidelines stated that providing combinatorial pain management approaches to the patient helps in the quantification of the effects of a given therapy on the health of the patient (Simpson et al. 2014). The JCAHO standards have stressed upon appropriate pain management facilities for ambulatory care services, home care, hospitals and long-term care organizations. The need for the pharma and the non-pharma clinical approaches of pain management have been further justified through a set of guidelines: Recognise the right of patient to appropriate management and assessment of pain Screening the nature and intensity of pain in all patients Orientation of newly appointed staffs for effective pain management through pharmacological and non-pharmacological assessment methods including data keeping and active documentation. The patients and their respective families need to be educated regarding the pain control methods through cognitive and behavioural approaches 3.Differences between procedures There lie a number of differences between the procedures for pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention methods. The pharmacological methods are based upon direct administration routes in the form of tablets and blood administration through syringe. They result in fast and temporary relief to the patients in case of acute pain. However, there are limitations as constant syringe push might result in the development of pressure ulcers in the patients (Martorella et al. 2014). Additionally, constant dependence on medications produces effect such as pseudoaddiction in the patients. The pharmacological methods of treatment produce pain relief through mild sedative effects. On the contrary, the non-pharmacological methods of disease control results in development of more agility in the patients along with bringing about a positive change in the health and pain perception of the patients. The non-pharma methods do not have plausible side effects and could be continued over long term along with prescribed pain management drugs. The differences within the use and applicability of the procedures could be attributed to a number of factors such as cultural differences. As commented by Schreiber et al. (2014), the cultural beliefs possessed within a population often affect their health behaviours and approaches. In this respect, some of the indigenous Australians may prefer to use alternative medication approaches rather than rigorous drug therapies; which have potential side effect over the long term. In addition, change in the organizational approaches and policies often affect their manners of service delivery. In this respect some may follow a conventional mode of pain management with more emphasis upon physical methods such as exercises. Similarly, the size of the client base and the organizational resources are some other important factors. As commented by Gelinas et al (2013), resource limitation may impact upon the positive outcomes to be achieved by the healthcare unit. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the aspect of pain management and emphasizes upon two distinct methods of pain control in acute and non-acute care. These are pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention methods which are used together within the current medical context to relive the aggrieved conditions in the patient. The pharma based methods are mainly dependent upon the administration of medicines for controlling pain. These have often been found to be associated with a number of side effects. The alternative methods and approaches, on the other hand, provides a more holistic way out for long term pain management in acute conditions such as arthritis and other lethal conditions such as cancer. However, in some of the situations such as pain due to post operative concerns and tumours immediate surgical drug therapy is needed. References Argoff, C.E., (2014). Recent management advances in acute postoperative pain.Pain Practice,14(5), pp.477-487. Chou, R., Gordon, D.B., de Leon-Casasola, O.A., Rosenberg, J.M., Bickler, S., Brennan, T., Carter, T., Cassidy, C.L., Chittenden, E.H., Degenhardt, E. and Griffith, S., (2016). Management of Postoperative Pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council.The Journal of Pain,17(2), pp.131-157. Deyo, R.A., Von Korff, M. and Duhrkoop, D., (2015). Opioids for low back pain.Bmj,350, p.g6380. Franklin, G.M., (2014). Opioids for chronic noncancer pain A position paper of the American Academy of Neurology.Neurology,83(14), pp.1277-1284. Gelinas, C., Arbour, C., Michaud, C., Robar, L. and Ct, J., (2013). Patients and ICU nurses' perspectives of non?pharmacological interventions for pain management. Nursing in critical care,18(6), pp.307-318. Jensen, M.P. and Turk, D.C., (2014). Contributions of psychology to the understanding and treatment of people with chronic pain: Why it matters to ALL psychologists.American Psychologist,69(2), p.105. Joshi, G.P. and Kehlet, H., (2013). Procedure-specific Pain ManagementThe Road to Improve Postsurgical Pain Management?.Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists,118(4), pp.780-782. Martorella, G., Boitor, M., Michaud, C. and Glinas, C., (2014). Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit.Heart Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care,43(5), pp.437-444. Scholten, A.C., Berben, S.A.A., Westmaas, A.H., van Grunsven, P.M., de Vaal, E.T., Rood, P.P., Hoogerwerf, N., Doggen, C.J.M., Schoonhoven, L. and Emergency Pain Study Group, (2015). Pain management in trauma patients in (pre) hospital based emergency care: current practice versus new guideline.Injury,46(5), pp.798-806. Schreiber, J.A., Cantrell, D., Moe, K.A., Hench, J., McKinney, E., Lewis, C.P., Weir, A. and Brockopp, D., (2014). Improving knowledge, assessment, and attitudes related to pain management: evaluation of an intervention.Pain Management Nursing,15(2), pp.474-481. Schug, S.A. and Goddard, C., (2014). Recent advances in the pharmacological management of acute and chronic pain.Annals of palliative medicine,3(4), pp.263-275. Simmons, S.F., Schnelle, J.F., Saraf, A.A., Simon Coelho, C., Jacobsen, J.M.L., Kripalani, S., Bell, S., Mixon, A. and Vasilevskis, E.E., (2015). Pain and satisfaction with pain management among older patients during the transition from acute to skilled nursing care.The Gerontologist,56(6), pp.1138-1145. Simpson, P.M., Fouche, P.F., Thomas, R.E. and Bendall, J.C., (2014). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relieving acute pain in the prehospital setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.European Journal of Emergency Medicine,21(1), pp.10-17. Trail-Mahan, T., Mao, C.L. and Bawel-Brinkley, K., (2013). Complementary and alternative medicine: nurses attitudes and knowledge.Pain Management Nursing,14(4), pp.277-286. Volkow, N.D. and McLellan, A.T., (2016). Opioid abuse in chronic painmisconceptions and mitigation strategies.New England Journal of Medicine,374(13), pp.1253-1263.

Financial Management Theory and Applications †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management Theory and Applications. Answer: Introduction: Any changes in accounting activities have the ability to alter financial information for given period. In that case, company plans to change accounting principles reporting entities or estimates the company that should follow a reporting framework as it has been established by FASB (Stice Stice, 2013). In addition, it is needed to disclose the changes in the financial statement of a company especially with changes in accounting estimates. Therefore, company cannot always determine the future prospect when certain assets are involves as well as company need to report estimates based on current values of assets or in that case depreciation methods. The company will have higher cash inflow as a result of change in principles and estimates. In order to remain ahead of competition, the company should adopt declining balance method. This is due to the reason because declining balance method is preferable as the cash flow will be higher for given years. Using this depreciation method will be suitable for long-term assets and managing it for given period of time. This method should be adopted by the company as it helps in getting better results during initial years. The income of the company determines the accounting methods when it makes use of estimations in the most appropriate way. The accounting principle of full disclosure needs the presentation as shown in the financial statement of the company. The particular schedule discloses the details of each of the contract stage of completion as well as profitability to date and current period of reporting. It is the responsibility of the management to makes the accounting estimations for a company that include financial statements. The estimation made can be either subjective or objective in nature as it results to an estimation of an amount during the date of financial statements. The judgment of the management purely based on the knowledge as well as experience on matters relating to past and current events for possi ble course of action. At the time of evaluating the financial statement of any company, it is important for the management to identify all the accounting estimates by adopting the methods of conducting business activities as well as new accounting pronouncements and many other external factors (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). It is important for the management to obtain an understanding on how management developed an estimate. The management needs to use combination of approaches that need to review as well as testing process used by the company in developing an estimate. It is essential to develop an independent expectation of the estimate for coordinating with the estimation of the management (Petty et al., 2015). Errors that are counter balanced will have no direct effect on the debit as well as credit side of the financial statement. It is due to the fact that errors that are set off with each other will have affected on the financial statements directly (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Furthermore, the errors need to be determined if there is any counterbalances or when the journal entry is required to correct the books of entry as a whole. Any accounting office if scrutinized properly have errors in their general ledger as it is made or prepared by using manpower or human resource. Due to this, it gives rise to human error that can be minimized by using technology or computerized information systems (Petty et al., 2015). It is thereby recommended to correct the errors when it is detected within the current period. If in case, the errors are not detected, some try to fix themselves for given period of time or take several years to correct the same. There is particularly no difference between th ese errors as it will counterbalance and carried out from one period to other. It is important to identify the differences and then provide justification for the same for given period of time. On identifying the differences, it is noted that these issues have no direct effect on the balance sheet or income statement accounts for given period of time frame. It is therefore needed to implement a systematic method that will help to analyze the error for determining the counterbalance entry or journal entry if in case it is needed to implement in the books of entry (Arnold 2013). The present study properly explains the concept that errors need be minimized as far as possible so that there are no misstated figures in the financial statements. Reference List Arnold, G., 2013.Corporate financial management. Pearson Higher Ed. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Petty, J.W., Titman, S., Keown, A.J., Martin, P., Martin, J.D. and Burrow, M., 2015.Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Stice, E. K., Stice, J. D. (2013).Intermediate accounting. Cengage Learning.

What Constitutes Good Leadership free essay sample

A detailed look at the skills, characteristics and types of personalities that make a good leader This paper looks at what good leadership encompasses. The author provides various theories of leadership, such as the contingency theory and the transformational leadership theory. The paper looks at why leadership is important for success and provides guidelines for successful leadership. Included is a comparison between managers and leaders, female and male leaders and various leadership styles. Table of Contents: What is Leadership? Theories of leadership Purpose of Leadership Effective Leadership Why Leaders are Important Understanding the Basics Are Leaders Born or Made? Differences between Managers and Leaders Male and Female Managers How Different Are They? Forging the Future New Definitions for Leaders in the 21st Century From the paper: In this society, leadership is dispersed through out all segments of the society government, business, organized labor, professions, the minority communities, the universities, social agencies, and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on What Constitutes Good Leadership? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most leadership today is an attempt to accomplish purpose through large, intricately organized systems. Individuals in all segments and at all levels must be prepared to exercise leadership taking initiatives and responsibility using their knowledge to solve problems at their level. (R.G. Lord, 1991).

What is a Narrative Arc • A Guide to Storytelling Structure

What is a Narrative Arc A Guide to Storytelling Structure What is the Narrative Arc? A Guide to Storytelling Through Story Structure Has anyone ever told you that your narrative arc was too weak? Too complex? Or not complex enough?Universal to both fiction and nonfiction, the narrative arc (also called the â€Å"story arc†) refers to the structure and shape of a story. This arc is made up of the events in your story - the sequence of occurrences in the plot - and determines the peaks and plateaus that set the pace. A good arc is vital if you want to engage your readers from start to finish, and deliver a satisfying conclusion.What is a narrative arc?Narrative arc is a term that describes a story's full progression. It visually evokes the idea that every story has a relatively calm beginning, a middle where tension, character conflict, and narrative momentum builds to a peak, and an end where the conflict is resolved.You may already be familiar with one classic example of the story arc: boy meets girl, boy fails girl, boy gets girl again. This may sound oversimplified, and it is. Adding complexity to a bas ic story arc is part of what differentiates one story from another, even when they’re ostensibly dealing with the same ideas. Here’s a parting gift before you go: a video from Kurt Vonnegut, describing the shapes of stories.In the end, that’s what a strong story arc does: it gives a story shape. For alternative story structures, check out the Hero's Journey,  Dan Harmon's Story Circle, or these three story models. To add more dimensions to your story, you can experiment with subplots. Subplots function as mini-arcs, though they should always aim to contribute to the main arc in some way.Sort out your story arc - experiment with it! - and your story won’t be a formless, blobby thing. It’ll gain a spine and new readers.And, of course, if you’re struggling to create a compelling narrative arc, a professional developmental editor will be able to come to the rescue and spot deficiencies.Any questions for us about the story arc? Leave them below - and if you want to share your own experiences with narrative arcs, please do so!

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'll attach it - Essay Example Saudi Arabia has a GDP growth rate of 5.1 %, compared to the world 8.6 % and 7.4 % in 2011 and 2010 respectively. The total GDP (in US$ billions) of all 22 Arab League members by 2012 was $71,707.3 calculated at the government official exchange rates. The GDP in (US$) Saudi Arabia 727.3, U.A.E 358.9, Egypt 256.7, Iraq 212.5, Algeria 207.8, Qatar 183.4, Kuwait 173.4, Morocco 107.1, Libya 81.92, Oman 76.46, Syria 64.7. Sudan 59.94, Tunisia 45.61, Lebanon 41.35, Yemen 35.64, Jordan 31.21, Bahrain 27.03, Palestine N/A, Mauritania 4.199, Somalia 2.372, Djibouti 1.354, and lastly Comoros 0.600 (Central Intelligence Agency).The GDP dollar estimates that have been presented here have been calculated at government official exchange rates. In 2012 the total GDP for the United States was $16.02 trillion, Japan $5.88 trillion, Germany $3.383 trillion, France $2.579 trillion, and the United Kingdom was $2.443 trillion (CIA). On the other hand, the total GDP of the Arab League members by 2012 was $71,707.3. This is less compared to the individual GDP of the aforementioned countries. This means that these countries have a higher GDP compared to the 22 Arab League nations. This contradicts the misconception that most Arab countries are rich because of the oil proceeds. None of the Arab League country has a GDP higher than France, Germany, USA, Japan, and the UK. Palestine has GDP growth of $10 billion and a GDP per capita of $1924 and $876 for West Bank and Gaza Strip respectively (Abed 59). Between 1967 and 1990, the economy of West Bank and Gaza Strip was characterized by increase in individual income, reduction in the economy’s capacity to absorb its labour force, produce goods, and upgrade technologically.   The total GDP reduced from 34% to 13% between 1968 and 1993 (Aranson, 7-8). Viewed as the driver for any economy seeking to develop and upgrade, the industry

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment Example There are certain numbers of characteristics that are involved with the effectiveness of entrepreneurs, such as self confidence, sense of ownership, continuous learning skills, communication abilities, goal and system oriented cognitive skills, and dedication towards the objectives with an optimistic point of view among others. According to the concept of Peter Drucker, entrepreneur can be regarded as the person who essentially looks for changes and attempts taking appropriate actions on it developing those changes as a prospect of growth and success (Marks and Hunter, 2011). Among the various notable entrepreneurs of this era, Lord Alan Sugar has been one. Born in the not so famed East London, he rose up to the occasion to be a member at House of Commons and to hold 89th place in Sunday Times Rich List of 2011. Amstrad has been his most successful venture. The paper on entrepreneurship should also mention about the Virgin group Chairman Richard Brasnon, the 4th richest person of UK. Virgin Megastores, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Virgin Mobile and the expanded Virgin Records are few of his successful ventures. 1.2. Critically Evaluate Entrepreneurialism as an Agent of Change in Both Public and Private Health and Social Care Sector. In the modern day context of healthcare and social organizations, the entrepreneurs are highly inclined towards gaining increased revenue or profit for the organization. However, social enterprises, now-a-days, entail with certain significant attributes related to the governmental public policies. The enterprises of the globalised world focusing on a developed entrepreneurship are different from traditional and socio-economic approaches which motivated the European countries to adopt developed legal frameworks. The contemporary scenario of the healthcare organizations is highly required to be conscious with regards to the environmental changes and implement suitable plans and strategies for the organization concentrated on its social be nefits. Significant plans along with the appropriate strategies are more effective for the organization to put up internal strengths along with external opportunities taking into account the surmounting peripheral threats as well as interior weaknesses possessed by the concern. For instance, in the context of health and social care divisions of UK, it has been observed that the current circumstances have perpetually increased the requirements for more efficient and cost control strategies. The reasons behind such inclination relate with the reduction in government’s financial support to the sector, involvement of private firms as well as expansion of National Health Service (NHS) (Department of Health, 2009). Therefore, in the modern phenomenon, the UK based healthcare organisations within the private sector as well as public sector continue to strive for achieving the competitive advantages through cost-limitation and growth sustainability. The strategic decisions are the cr ucial factors which can encompass a long term effect on the prospects of an organization with regards to its utilization of the resources,

History of Contemporary Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Contemporary Music - Essay Example Just as other terms that confine the artistic vocabulary like neoclassicism and totalitarianism, this category is forming arguments and a spread of various approaches and clear distinction. Contradictory to the globalization explanations that talk about a new age of the post historical. This essay will consider the age of the post modern music as an aesthetic paradigm that is illustrated by a specific type of music and focused on one musician, Neil Young. This will show the deconstruction that these expressions are carried out in both the historical accounts and the concepts of pure music, which features in the modern music. Contemporary History of Music: Neil Young The history of contemporary music can be summed up as modernism, which was featured in the twentieth century between the years 1900 and 1950, which was followed by post modernism from 1960 till present. This is one of the many comprehensions of contemporary music and other deductions are simply possible. By the year 1970, the term rock and roll had become almost meaningless, because it saw the break up of the rock and roll groups like the Beatles and death of the king of rock, who was significant influences on the genre. However, this era saw the rise of an influential young musician, Neil Young. Young became one of the most soughted after musicians of that era. This is because he was a philosopher, as seen in his lyrics and thoughtful, when it came to singing and writing songs that were reflective. His lyrics were mostly deep and from the heart, and this made it difficult to understand. Young was also the only musician who could change from one style of music to another seamlessly. After Young had moved from the California folk rock band in 1968, he made a name for himself as one of the most influential and eccentric singer and songwriter of his generation. His only rank second to that Bob Dylan in terms of being deep, and was able to maintain his record sales and reputation, for a longer time than Bob Dylan. This was because of his on purpose, obstinate work ethic. From the start of his solo musical career, fro the late sixties through to the twenty first century, he did not stop recording, writing and performing, and kept numerous unreleased songs in his safe. As much as he was influential, he only had one hit song, titled Heart of Gold, from his number one album Harvest, in 1972. The song sounds like a claim for emancipation of all conquering love. The song was made for a hit, since he included Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor as back up singers. The song is still among the most requested at concerts, presently. The song has been performed five hundred and forty eight times, since its debut on 1/10/1971. Young went on to explore new territories and genres of music, from rock, blues to electronic music. However, these stylistic exercises only gained significance as compared to his two primary genres namely: country rock and gentle folk, and also loud electronic guitar rock t hat he regularly. He usually alternated from these two extreme genres, which both proved equally influential. There emerged various bands and individual artists who claimed that they were influenced by Neil Young. Regardless of his massive influence and catalogue, he went on exploring new music. His restlessness ensured that he was one of the few veterans of rock as vital in his old age, as he was in his early stages of life. Neil Young and the song Heart of Gold is mostly taught in

Marketisation of Social Care

Marketisation of Social Care The marketisation of social care will deliver efficient and equitable services. Discuss. Introduction Social care refers to a number of different aspects of social life including health, education, economic security etc. In the 1940s universal welfare provision was initiated in Britain. Universal welfare deals with all aspects of the population’s well being and the services that the state provides (Marsh, et al, 2000). The welfare state in Britain and in most of the western world was predicated on the work of the economist John Milton Keynes. In the last thirty years there has been a shift from Keynesian economics to a Neo-liberalist post-welfare state (Hursh, 2005) Keynes believed that when times were hard the state should intervene by putting more money into the economy and stimulating employment. However by the late nineteen seventies when Margaret Thatcher came to power it was evident that post-war policies were no longer working and thus there was a shift to a market based economy and welfare provision (Giddens, 2001). The full employment that had been envisioned by the p ost-war government had not happened and there was also a corresponding rise in inflation. Jessop (2001) maintains that in response to these happenings Western states began to make changes in the ways in which social care and welfare were provided. The Marketisation of Social Care and Efficient and Equitable Services Government leaders in Europe, Britain and America argued that the universal welfare provision that had existed since the Second World War was not working and what was needed was a return to the philosophy of a free market that had been the case prior to the war (Stiglitz, 2002). In 1979 the Conservatives won the election and Margaret Thatcher came to power. By this time arguments about a welfare state versus a free market economy had intensified. Introducing marketing principles into social care allow Governments to (hypothetically at least) improve services. It also enables a government to retain a greater degree of control (Stigliss, 2002). As a response to discourses on the value of a free market economy Regan’s Government in the United States and Thatcher’s in Britain began to introduce measure that would roll back the welfare state and control expenditure. This was done by the introduction of marketing and business strategies. In Britain the Government embarked on a massive process of privatisation because it was believed that public ownership of companies and the public sector generally inhibited and undermined market forces. It therefore follows, Stigliss argues, that there is a need to deregulate capital markets and to curb state spending. These policies stressed the importance of the internal market. Giddens (2001) says that: †¦the momentum of Thatcherism in economic matters was maintained by the privatising of public companies†¦Ã‚  (this)   is held to reintroduce healthy economic competition in place of unwieldy and ineffective public bureaucracies, reduce public expenditure and end political interference in managerial decisions (Giddens, 2001:434). It was believed that the introduction of market forces into social care would increase productivity and improve care while at the same time being cost efficient. It was considered the best way of allocating resources because free markets were considered to be self organising (Olssen and Peters, 2005). Within healthcare provision there was a shift from healthcare professionals and patients to the idea that there were service providers and there were clients (Giddens, 2001). Government discourses, both Conservative and New Labour have revolved around the notion that the introduction of market mechanisms would result in a more equitable system. However, policy making tends to be somewhat contradictory and Governments appear to give with one hand and take back with another. The instigation of NHS trusts has resulted in a somewhat haphazard distribution of care and there are inequalities across the system in some areas there are such discrepancies in care provision that commentators refer to a post code lottery, where the kind of care a person receives is determined by where they live. Some commentators were of the opinion that the policies introduced by the Conservative Government were implemented to widen inequalities in society (Field, 1996). Thus Marx’s dictum that laws are made to serve the interests of those who already have power in society are extremely relevant here. The Community Care Act of 1990 further exacerbated inequalities most especially for women as it assumed that the women (who were the main carers in the home) would shoulder the extra responsibility of care (Abbott and Wallace, 1982). Field (1996) maintains that the increase in inequalities whereby the rich got richer and the poor poorer created a social underclass who were denied the same rights as others in society. Under the Conservatives the tax burden shifted from the rich to the poor, along with this, changes to the benefit system such as job seekers allowance placed a good number of people into a poverty trap. Alcock (1997) supports Fielding’s views and maintains that the r oll back in welfare and changes in social care and benefits generally resulted in greater unemployment and a rise in the number of homeless. The introduction of market forces into social care has had the effect of excluding some people from mainstream society and led to the setting up by the present Government of the Social Exclusion Unit in 1997. This Unit is an example of the contradictions engaged in by policy makers in a free market economy. On the one hand the general philosophical approach of both this Government and its predecessor has been on the responsibility of the individual. This is nowhere better expressed than in Labour’s New Deal Documentation which promises a hand up rather than a hand out. Young (1999) maintains that there is a move away from inclusive goals that are based on citizenship rights and this means a move towards policies that exclude some people. This results in people feeling undervalued and with no investment in society and this may be reflected in the rising crime among the young. Currie (1998) maintains that there are a number of links between social exclusion and crime. Shifts in the labour market and minimum wage and taxation policies result in a rise in the numbers of those living in poverty. Furthermore these things put added strain on family life and weakens social cohesion. Conclusion Clearly the introduction of market forces into social care has been problematic and has benefited some members of society at the expense of others. Pierson (1994) has argued that the attempts by the Thatcher and Regan Governments to roll back the welfare state were not entirely successful. He maintains that this was more difficult than they had thought and that governments were besieged by public outcry. Rolling it back was not the exact opposite of the expansion of welfare that governments had thought rather, Pierson argues Far more than in the era of welfare state expansion†¦struggles over social policy become struggles over information about the causes and consequences of policy change (Pierson, 1994:8). The New Labour Government that came into power in 1997 have continued the welfare reforms introduced by the Conservatives laid out their welfare to work policies in a 1998 Green Paper which have been further extended in policy documents such as the New Deal 2004 and Youth Matters 2004. These documents are aimed at getting welfare recipients back into work and reducing Government costs. It is arguably the case that the introduction of market forces into social care have not resulted in either better services or more equitable treatment. Rather these policies have reduced services and benefited the better off at the expense of the poor, a fact which has been pointed out by a number of theorists. To what extent does a countrys welfare regime type influence the form of social care provision? Illustrate your answer with examples from two countries. Introduction Welfare provision and spending on public services differs from country to country depending on the types of service offered. In many cases this will include housing, education, pensions and health (Giddens, 2001). There have been a number of different ways of conceptualising the welfare state. Marxist theories tend to take the view that governments provide welfare for the benefits of those in power i. e. investment in welfare is necessary to sustain a capitalist system (Stigliss, 2002). This will look at policies in both Finland and the United States to assess whether and in what ways the type of welfare regime that is adopted by a country affects the form of social care provision. Welfare Regimes The ideal model of welfare is one of universal welfare provision where the state provides for everything in time of need and health and education are fully financed by the state. Marshall (1960, 1973) viewed the development of citizenship rights as crucial to the emergence of a welfare state. Civil and political rights would be extended to the rights to education, healthcare and other service provision because everyone was entitled to a reasonable life and a reasonable income irrespective of their position in society. Esping Anderson (1990) devised his tri-partite system of welfare provision through an investigation of welfare regimes in a number of different countries. He also evaluated the extent to which welfare services were unencumbered by the introduction of market forces. He looked at the ways in which welfare services were organised and delivered in different countries when making decisions about what group they fitted in. The models Esping Anderson identified were Social Democratic, Conservative Corporatist and Liberal. In the first example welfare subsidies are entirely state funded and are available to everyone (the notion of universal welfare provision) Most Scandinavian States follow this model. Within Social Democratic States such as currently exists in Finland, there is generally no influence of market forces but things tend to differ depending on the type of welfare provision in Finland during the 1990s the country was moving towards a neo-liberal regime where people received free primary health care but were required to pay something towards their secondary healthcare (Ball, 2004). In a Conservative-corporatist state such as pertains in both France and Germany welfare services are only marginally influenced by market principles but they are not equally available to everyone. Entitlement is dependent on a person’s position in society. The United States is an example of a liberal welfare regime where means tested benefits are only available to the needy. Giddens (2001) maintains that there is a high degree of stigmatisation attached to these benefits, one has only to see media representation of the American poor and needy to know that this is the case. Welfare is, in almost every case, sold through the market and this is due to the expectation that everyone should pay for their own care through the market as for example in the form of health insurance such as Medicaid. America is the only country in the world where people do not have automatic access at least to primary healthcare in times of greatest need (Navarro, 1986). Navarro argues that when market forces are involved in welfare regimes and particularly with healthcare systems then there is a tendency for organisations such as drug companies to promote medicines and drugs that serve their own interests on the world market. Monopoly capital invades, directs and dominates either directly (via the private sector) or indirectly (via the state) all areas of economic and social life (Navarro, 1986:243). Mitchell (1991) identifies five main approaches to the analysis of welfare systems in different countries these involve a comparison of policy, inputs, production, operation, and outcomes. These involve what is intended, who pays for it, how it is run, how it is organised and who benefits. The American liberal regime relies on a laissez faire approach to welfare (Olssen, 2000) this is particularly evident in its stigmatising of those in receipt of benefits. The situation in America is not uniform however and some states do have state funded health schemes, what Klass (1985) has called decentred social altruism (1985:428). In Finland, as in much of Europe, welfare provision has been dependent on social solidarity or the view that both the state and the society have responsibilities of care. Many welfare rights are dependent on people’s circumstances and so there may not be the equality within such a system as one might suppose and can lead to social exclusion. Health in Finland has been along institutional lines i. e. secondary health care for example can tend to be selective and based on circumstance. Soumen Ash (2005) however, maintains that: The state of peoples health and welfare in Finland has steadily improved since healthcare and health promotion were established. The main challenges nowadays relate to disease prevention, mental health problems and the disparities in health, welfare among different population groups. Finnish health policy has become matched to international standards set by the World health organisation and the European Union (Suomen Ash, 2005). [1] In the 1990s educational provision was affected in Finland by its moves towards a neo-liberalist or Conservative-corporatist state. More recently however the Social Democrats have again espoused the universal provision of education and this is now entirely free of market forces and subsidised solely by the state. Thus there has been a return to a welfarist view of education that is available to all and which operates to bring an end to the social exclusion that pre-dominates in elsewhere. The United States may take a dim view of universal welfare provision but its educational policies are welfarist in that there is free basic education for everyone and it is subsidised by the state. People are responsible for their own further and higher education costs if they are not awarded scholarships. The United States spends a greater proportion of its GDP on education than most other countries (World Bank world development report, 1998) but its educational provision, while universal, is still greatly underfunded as is teacher training and this is reflected in the fact that its schools lag behind other countries (Nation at Risk Report 1983). Thus the Americans (under Clinton) introduced public/private partnerships in an attempt to inject life into their failing schools (Giddens, 2001). The introduction of market forces into education does not seem to have generated a great deal of improvement (Molnar, 1996). There has therefore been a huge growth in the private educational proj ects and it may be that this will prove a threat to the basic state education that has been on offer (Whatt, 1999). Conclusion The welfare regime that a country adopts does seem to have significant effects on its service provision. In Finland, where the Social Democrats have taken over what was a liberal state, commentators maintain that the health sector is improving and many countries would do well to take note of the improvements in the Finnish education system since the removal of market mechanisms in that area. America on the other hand appears to be going in the opposite direction. Never comfortable with the idea of welfare its liberal and laissez faire regime has now adopted market principles into its education system. The state system was seen to be failing dismally and now the private sector appears to be taking over. One can only wonder whether the United States will continue with policies that further exclude the already excluded or whether it will drastically order the type of welfare regime that is in operation. [1] http://www.suomenash.fi/sivu.php?artikkeli_id=178

Free Essays - Human Nature in Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Human Nature in Hamlet       The play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, shows human nature to be greedy, self-involved and vengeful. Claudius is driven by his greed to commit murder. Polonius is always looking out for himself, currying favor at the expense of anyone in his way. Hamlet thinks only of vengeance from the moment he finds out about Claudius murdering his father. Human nature has been all of these things, but it has also evolved through the ages. We can be base and cruel, but we can also show great compassion and kindness.    Claudius kills his own brother so that he can claim the crown and the queen. He disposes of a good and noble king to satisfy his greed. He sacrifices his brother, the good of the country, and the happiness of many to fulfill his ambition. He cares only for himself. Knowingly or not, most humans, at one point or another, will be driven by greed. Most, however, will not have the determination and desperation that Claudius displays. This is partly because of the differences of the times. In the time period that Shakespeare wrote the play, murder was heavily frowned upon as it is now. Greed is part of all people. They see something they want and they tell themselves that it is only what they deserve. It is inescapable, but we can control it to a certain degree.    Polonius characterizes the aspect of human nature that is self-concern. He is constantly looking for ways to ingratiate himself to the king. He sacrifices his own daughter's happiness so that he can prove his theories about Hamlet's madness to the king. Self-concern is another inherent trait that humans cannot escape. People are constantly thinking about themselves and how things are going to affect their lives. They care deeply for their own well being. Certainly they think about others occasionally, but their own person is always number one in their minds.    Vengefulness is yet another inexorable human trait. Hamlet's entire character is changed by his need for revenge. He starts out as a serene, learned young man but the need for vengeance twists his soul to the point where he is driven only by his need for pay back.

The Exorcism of Emily Rose Essay

Although demonic possession is not an appealing subject, The Exorcism of Emily Rose, directed by Scott Derrickson, presents many Catholic teachings and is important to watch and understand the reality of the Devil. This movie, in depth, shows the true evilness of the Devil and has many themes that go along with it. So what is it that makes possessed person so scary, its only actor’s right? The reality of demonic possession is so frightening in this film; there is no doubt about the reality of the devil after watching. The reality of the devil is displayed in many ways. For example, one of the most obvious displays is when the lawyer is affected. She goes home to her apartment and the devil starts â€Å"messing† with her, opening doors and intimidating her. Another way that the reality of this exorcism creates horror in the viewers is that it is based on a true story. The girl that was possessed was named Anneliese Michel from Germany. Both of these displays of the reality of the devil show the power of evil as well as the power of the divine. Emily, or Anneliese, is possessed by the devil and her body is taken over, showing this power. These events have many effects on the audience. It makes them think about the reality of possession and challenges them to come to their own understanding about possession. Another effect on the audience is the realization that â€Å"facts† are interpretations and not always concrete. Although the prosecutors brought in doctors to prove the priests neglect, they did not have anything that truly eliminated the supernatural possibility. Another major and important theme in the Exorcism of Emily Rose is the concept of the â€Å"victim soul† and redemption is possible. With this in The Exorcism of Emily Rose, it is seen that the good always overcomes evil. Erin Bruner, the defense lawyer says â€Å"Either these things exist, or they don’t.† This means that she believes it is a fact that if there is a God, there is a devil and if there is a devil, there is a God. This was a good defense because it was an emphasized point that the prosecutor was as methodist, therefore he believes in God, leading to him HAVING to believe in the Devil. The Exorcism of Emily Rose is such a worthwhile film to watch because of its accurate interpretation of the supernatural and evil world. Scott Derrickson developed the reality and conception of the â€Å"victim soul† phemonionally in  this movie. This movie is very important in demonstrating the true evilness of the devil, and true redemption offered by God.

Diegesis and Diegetic

Diegesis and Diegetic Diegesis and Diegetic Diegesis and Diegetic By Maeve Maddox This summer I enlarged my vocabulary while participating in an online film course. Among the words new to me are diegesis [DYE-uh-JEE-sis] and diegetic [DYE-uh-JET- ik]. The terms are barely a blip on the Ngram Viewer until the 1970s, when they were introduced into the context of film studies in 1973 by an essay written by a French film critic in the journal Screen. Diegesis does have an OED citation previous to 1973, but only one, dated 1829: The Diegesis, being a Discovery of the Origin, Evidences, and Early History of Christianity. Diegesis comes from a Greek word meaning narration or narrative. In the context of film studies, diegesis denotes the story of the movie. The diegesis includes the fictional time, place, characters, and events that make up the universe portrayed. Diegetic is an adjective that means â€Å"pertaining to diegesis.† The most frequent use of diegetic that I’ve seen so far is in the term â€Å"diegetic sound.† Sound that originates within the action of the story is diegetic sound. For example, when Spock plays his Vulcan harp in a Star Trek episode, the sound of the harp is diegetic. The characters in the story can hear it. The spooky music that signals something bad about to happen to the landing party is non-diegetic sound. It exists outside the story. The viewer hears it, but not the characters. Here are examples of the use of diegesis and its forms in critiques of film and written literature: In the film [Children of Men], sound supports this vision by remaining for the most part diegetic, emerging as everyday sounds of street noise, chaos, sirens, conversations, overheard music, and so forth. During After Hours, Scorsese appears diagetically in Club Berlin wearing a military uniform. Like the diegetic appearances by Scorsese in Taxi Driver, Raging Bull and The King of Comedy, the moment works reflexively in terms of Scorsese’s extra-diegetic role as director. The embedded worlds may be more or less continuous with the world of the primary diegesis, as in Wuthering Heights, or they may be subtly different, as in the play-within-the-play of Hamlet. I’ve even seen the term used in reference to a video game in which the â€Å"non-diegetic element† is a line of informational text that pops up on the screen, interfering with play: The non-diegetic elements fade in and out, out of the players control, which of course results in a complete lack of control for the player. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†50 Types of PropagandaList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Percussion instruments essays

Percussion instruments essays The xylophone is played with a padded mallet (which looks like a hammer). In 1898, Barnum and Bailey's circus pigs were trained to play this instrument, among other feats. But don't be fooled by this humorous depiction. Playing the xylophone well requires great precision to hit just the right bar at the right time, which produces a musical tone. The xylophone is a percussion instrument (one that is played either by striking, shaking or scraping it) that likely originated in Southeast Asia or Oceania. It's one of the central instruments of the music of Africa, possibly being brought to that continent through trade or people migrating from other places. Slaves from Africa brought the xylophone with them when they were taken to Latin America, and from there it eventually made its way to the United States. Today's xylophone has bars arranged in two rows, sort of like the keys of a piano, and rests on a stand. Listen to some xylophone music from 1921. The marimba is another percussion instrument that is played with a rubber mallet. Marimba is the African name for xylophone. It resembles that instrument in shape, but it's bigger and has a wider range of notes. Many popular songs in the early 1900s were given a marimba "twist," such as this recording of the "Stars and Stripes Forever March." The fact that marimba songs were well liked by Americans shows the increased exposure the public had to foreign styles of music. The hammered dulcimer, in its simplest form, is an instrument with 13 strings, played by beating the strings with a small hammer. The name "dulcimer" comes from Latin and means "sweet sound." The hammered dulcimer developed from the cimbalom, an instrument from Hungary with 48 strings that is played with small hammers. The piano of today has evolved from both the cimbalom and the hammered dulcimer. Have you ever seen the inside of a piano? When someone presses a piano key, a lever raises a hammer that then strikes the str...

School Administrator Public Relations - Comparative Critique of 10 Essay

School Administrator Public Relations - Comparative Critique of 10 Articles - Essay Example s are being voted down, teachers are striking, graduates are suing schools because they cannot read, parents demanding revised curricula, students and teachers being attacked in the classroom. The growth in news coverage of education reflects in part the public’s increased awareness of schools and their impact on society (Wilder, 2000). With the rapid evolution of protests in the streets, the discovery of the poor, the rise in industrial technology, and swiftly changing patterns, the social urgency of education has been firmly established in the public mind. The list of problems in our school can go on. Most large school districts now realize that part of their responsibility as social institutions is to keep the public informed about their operations. There are three basic groups of school leaders/administrators which the 10 articles have in common. First, the teachers, this includes primary and secondary and college/university professors. The next group, which we will refer to, in this article as the principal will include school principals, superintendents and university and college presidents, the last group, consist of the members of the school board. Wilder (2000) also mentioned that, if a school leader says that he does not care about what the public says about his school, that teacher, administrator or member of the board is a liability to all the schools. He explained that no school, public schools to be exact, has any moral right to allow itself to be unexplained, misunderstood or publicly distrusted for by its unpopularity it poisons the pond in which we all fish. Before going into details about the specific roles of the different groups, let us first take a closer look on accountability. This concept is one of the similar functions of the three groups and therefore needs special attention. The performance and costs of schools has generated increasing dissatisfaction which in turn lead to a greater demand for accountability and transparency on the

Leading Figures in American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leading Figures in American History - Essay Example Benjamin Rush - Monticello, Sep. 23, 1800) perfectly reveal his visionary ideas. He believed in an ever changing society, in the power of every new generation to make better laws, better constitutions, he believed in a form of progress which can only become possible if the man has the freedom of thinking and expressing ideas. If he came to our century he would realize that he had given America an identity and drafted the individuality of this nation. The Declaration has been the foundation on which his descendents continue to build the dream. Benjamin Franklin was acknowledged by many writers as a "versatile genius "as he had notable achievements in many areas. He was prolific not only in writing, but also in science, as he invented The Franklin stove, bifocals, a flexible catheter and the lightning rod. As a statesman and politician he is known as the only person who signed three major documents in the American history: the Declaration of Independence, the peace treaty with Britain, and the Constitution. He would proudly read his ideas and principles in today's Constitution, the most important book in the American legislation, to the writing of which he actively participated almost 250 years ago. Frederick Douglass, another remarkable figure in the American history, once said: "What was possible for me is possible for you. Do not think because you are colored you cannot accomplish anythingSo long as you remain in ignorance, so long will you fail to command the respect of your fellow men." He was a freethinker who really believed in the power of knowledge and fought for equal rights among all people, becoming a leader in the abolitionist movement and the first black citizen who hold a high rank in the American government. The present would offer him his envisioned perspective of this nation, where the Afro-Americans have equal rights, and unlimited, in any form, possibilities in the actual emancipated society.Abraham Lincoln had a difficult task to accomplish in leading the country through the Civil War. "With malice toward none, with charity for all" (Second Inaugural Address, Mar.4, 1865), he led his fight for the abolition of slavery. He spoke the words later, but they had been living in his dream long before they were expressed. Were he able to join us today, he would see a united nation, the greatest power in the world, who adopted his beliefs and struggles to act accordingly, by giving fair opportunities to all his people. Elizabeth Cady Stanton dedicated her life to the constant fight for women's rights especially for the right to vote. Gifted with a brilliant mind she had to suffer because she was born in a time when women had no right to receive proper education and had no political power. She struggled to put an end to this unjust situation, but unfortunately she died before her dream came true. Nevertheless, it did come true, 20 years after her death, and nowadays, America has a new, moral and ethical face to show to this brave freethinker. Her fight was not in vain, the American women won their right to express themselves not only in politics but in all other existing areas. These were the promoters of the freedom of thinking, they put the basis of a country where racial, sexual and religious discriminations no longer exist. Devoted to their dream, they would see it come true if the time machine drove them to the present, because

Business Excellence Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Excellence Model - Essay Example Quality is the key because any process completed without the expected quality will be abhorred by the intended customers, leading to problems for the organization. So, Total Quality Management (TQM) is the management function, which should be incorporated in all the processes that will happen in an organization. Furthermore, if Excellence is inbuilt into that TQM, then there will be optimal quality in all the processes, making organization’s every initiative a successful endeavour. So, this paper by focusing on the term â€Å"Excellence† from the perspective of TQM, will discuss how excellence can be managed optimally in an organization. According to princeton.edu, Excellence can be defined as the â€Å"quality of excelling and also possessing good qualities of highest degree†. The term gives the same meaning when analyzed from the organizational perspective as well. That is, when the organization produces products or offers services, they have to incorporate quality in it. Only if there is quality, it can succeed, otherwise it will be disliked by the customers. While trying to maintain that quality, the organization will also or should also try to achieve excellence. This state of excellence could be some thing that is set by the organization themselves or by certain external agencies. So, only if organizations achieve excellence in quality, it can reach the ‘minds’ of the customers, then entice them and eventually ‘push’ them to buy the organization’s products or use their services. â€Å"Quality is ensuring everything we do has the customer in mind... Quality is about buil ding reputation, performance and an attitude of winning in everything we do.† (Zafirovski) The leader or the management team should always put a lot of emphasis on the concept of TQM, to provide a quality end product or service to the customer. TQM is â€Å"an organizational undertaking to improve the quality of manufacturing and service. It focuses on obtaining continuous

Market fragmentation Essay Example for Free

Market fragmentation Essay Because the PLC (product life cycle) focuses on what is happening to particular product or brand rather than on what is happening to the overall market, it yields a product-oriented picture rather than a market-oriented picture. Firms need to visualize a market’s evolutionary path as it is affected by new needs, competitors, technology, channels, and other developments. In the course of a product’s or brand’s existence, its positioning must change to keep pace with market developments. Consider the case of Lego. LEGO Group. Lego Group, the Danish toy company, enjoyed a 72 percent global market share of the construction toy market; but children were spending more of their spare time with video games, computers, and television and less time with traditional toys. So Lego recognized the need to change or expand its market space. It redefined its market space as â€Å"family edutainment†, which included toys, education, interactive technology, software, computers, and consumer electronics. All involved exercising the mind and having fun. Part of LEGO Group’s plan is to capture an increasing share of customer spending as children become young adults and then parents. Stages in Market Evolution Like products, markets evolve through four stages: emergence, growth, maturity, and decline. EMERGENCE. Before a market materializes, it exists as a latent market. For example, for centuries people have wanted faster means of calculation. This need was successively satisfied through abacuses, slide rules, and large adding machines. Suppose an entrepreneur recognizes this need and imagines a technological solution in the form of a small, handheld electronic calculator. He now has to determine the product attributes, including physical size and number of mathematical functions. Because he is market-oriented, he interviews potential buyers. He finds that target customers vary greatly in their preferences. Some want a four-function calculator (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing) and others want more functions (calculating percentages, square roots, and logs). Some want a small hand calculator and others want a large one. This type of market, in which buyer preferences scatter evenly, is called a diffused-preference market. The entrepreneur’s problem is to design an optimal product for this market. He or she has three options: 1. The new product can be design to meet the preferences of one of the corners of the market (a single-niche strategy). 2. Two or more products can be simultaneously launched to capture two or more parts of the market (a multiple-niche strategy). 3. The new product can be design for the middle of the market (a mass-market strategy). For small firms, a single-niche strategy makes the most sense. A small firm does not have the resources for capturing and holding the mass-market. A large firm might go after the mass-market by designing a product that is medium in size and number of functions. A product in the center minimizes the sum of the distances of existing preferences from the actual product, thereby minimizing total dissatisfaction. Assume that the pioneer firm is large and designs its product for the mass market. On launching the product, the emergence stage begins. GROWTH. If the new product sells well, new firms will enter the market, ushering in a market-growth stage. Where will a second firm enter the market, assuming that the first firm established itself in the center? The second firm has three options: 1. It can position its brand in one of the corners (single-niche strategy). 2. It can position its brand next to the first competitor (mass-market strategy). 3. It can launch two or more products in different, unoccupied corners (multiple-niche strategy). If the second firm is small, it is likely to avoid head-on competition with the pioneer and to launch its brand in one of the market corners. If the second firm is large, it might launch its brand in the center against the pioneer. The two firms can easily end up sharing the mass market; or a large second firm can implement a multiniche strategy and surround and box in the pioneer. MATURITY. Eventually, the competitors cover and serve all the major market segments and the market enters the maturity stage. In fact, they go further and invade each other’s segments, reducing everyone’s profit in the process. As market growth slows down, the market splits into finer segments and high market fragmentation occurs. This situation is illustrated in figure 11.8(a) where the letters represent different companies supplying various segments. Note that two segments are unserved because they are too small to yield a profit. Market fragmentation is often followed by a market consolidation caused by the emergence of a new attribute that has strong appeal. Market consolidation took place in the toothpaste market when PG introduced Crest, which effectively retarded dental decay. Suddenly, toothpaste brands that claimed whitening power, cleaning power, and sex appeal, taste, or mouthwash effectiveness were pushed into the corners because consumers primarily wanted dental protection. Crest won a lion’s share of the market, as shown by the X territory in Figure 11.8(b). Figure 11.8 (a and b) Market Fragmentation and Market Consolidation Strategies However, even a consolidated market condition will not last. Other companies will copy a successful brand, and the market will eventually splinter again. Mature markets swing between fragmentation and consolidation. The fragmentation is brought about by competition, and the consolidation is brought about by innovation. DECLINE. Eventually, demand for the present products will begin to decrease, and the market will enter the decline stage. Either society’s total need level declines or a new technology replaces the old. Thus an entrepreneur might invent a mouth-rinse liquid that is superior to toothpaste. In this case, the old technology will eventually disappear and a new life cycle will emerge. AN EXAMPLE: THE PAPER-TOWEL MARKET. Consider the evolution of the paper-towel market. Originally, homemakers used cotton and linen dishcloths and towels in their kitchens. A paper company, looking for new markets, developed paper towels. This development crystallized a latent market. Other manufacturers entered the market. The number of brands proliferated and created market fragmentation. Industry overcapacity led manufacturers to search for new features. One manufacturer, hearing consumers complain that paper towels were not absorbent, introduced â€Å"absorbent† towels and increased its market share. This market consolidation did not last long because competitors came out with their own versions of absorbent paper towels. The market fragmented again. Then another manufacturer introduced a â€Å"superstrength† towel. It was soon copied. Another manufacturer introduced a â€Å"lint-free† paper towel, which was subsequently copied. Thus paper towels evolved from a single product to one with various absorbencies, strengths, and applications. Market evolution was driven by the forces of innovation and competition. Dynamics of Attribute Competition Competition produces a continuous round of new product attributes. If a new attribute succeeds, several competitors soon offer it. To the extent that many airlines serve inflight meals, meals are no longer a basis for air-carrier choice. Customer expectations are progressive. This fact underlines the strategic importance of a maintaining the lead in introducing new attributes. Each new attribute, if successful, creates a competitive advantage for the firm, leading to temporarily higher-than-average market share and profits. The market leader must learn to routinize the innovation process. Can a firm look ahead and anticipate the succession of attributes that are likely to win favour and be technologically feasible? How can the firm discover new attributes? There are four approaches. 1. A customer-survey process: the company asks consumers what benefits they would like added to the product and their desire level for each. The firm also examines the cost of developing each new attribute and likely competitive responses. 2. An intuitive process: entrepreneurs get hunches and undertake product development without much marketing research. Natural selection determines winners and losers. If a manufacturer has intuited an attribute that the market wants, that manufacturer is considered smart or lucky. 3. A dialectical process: innovators should not march with the crowd. Thus blue jeans, starting out as an expensive clothing article, over time became fashionable and more expensive. This unidirectional movement, however, contains the seeds of its own destruction. Eventually, the price falls again or some manufacturer introduces another cheap material for pants. 4. A needs-hierarchy process: (Maslow’s theory). We would predict that the first automobiles would provide basic transportation and be designed for safety. Later, automobiles would start appealing to social acceptance and status needs. Still later, automobiles would be design to help people â€Å"fulfil† themselves. The innovator’s task is to assess when the market is ready to satisfy a higher-order need. The actual unfolding of new attributes in a market is more complex than simple theories suggest. We should not underestimate the role of technology and societal processes. For example, the strong consumer wish for portable computers remained unmet until miniaturization technology was sufficiently developed. Developments such as inflation, shortages, environmentalism, consumerism, and new lifestyles lead consumers to re-evaluate product attributes. Inflation increases the desire for a smaller car, and a desire for car safety increases the desire for a heavier car. The innovator must use marketing research to gauge the demand potency of different attributes in order to determine the company’s best move. Summary: * Each stage of the PLC calls for different marketing strategies. The introduction stage is marked by slow growth and minimal profits. If successful, the product enters a growth stage marked by rapid sales growth and increasing profits. There follows a maturity stage in which sales growth slows and profit stabilize. Finally, the product enters a decline stage. The company’s task is to identify the truly weak products; develop a strategy for each one; and finally, phase out weak products in a way minimizes the hardship to company profits, employees, and customers. * Like products, market evolves through four stages: emergence, growth, maturity, and decline.

Jane Eltons Identity Conflict in Catherine Maria Sedgwick’s A New Engl

Jane Elton's Identity Conflict in Catherine Maria Sedgwick’s A New England Tale In her article â€Å"‘But is it any good?’: Evaluating Nineteenth-Century American Women’s Fiction,† Susan Harris provides methods and criteria for examining Women’s Fiction in what she calls â€Å"process analysis† (45). To apply Harris’ guidelines to Catherine Maria Sedgwick’s A New England Tale, I must first â€Å"acknowledge the ideological basis of [my] endeavor† (45) as a feminist/equalitist critique of the text. Furthermore, I identify the three-fold approach that Harris describes as historical, in distinguishing early nineteenth-century from mid- to late-century attitudes, rhetorical, in labeling Sedgwick’s communication to readers didactic, and ideological, by understanding my objections stem from twenty-first-century attitudes. Harris also explains, â€Å"If we look at them as both reactive and creative†¦we can understand [texts’] aesthetic, moral, and political values† (45); I consider A New England Tale to have a sentimental aesthetic, a Christian morality, and a support of female subordination. The concern of this paper is the â€Å"happy ending,† typical in Women’s Fiction according to Harris (46), present in A New England Tale, in which Jane Elton sacrifices her autonomous self through marrying Mr. Lloyd. I will critique this ending by applying several of the points Harris makes, including the conflict between theme and structure, the â€Å"extended quest for autonomy† (50), and the issue of the self-willing and â€Å"socially determined self† (54); also, I will discuss the sexual and religious politics Jane faces, as well as the importance of her role as educator. Readers can understand the autonomous self to which I refer in a nineteenth-century context: this do... ...orphaned, to abused, to truly loved. Therefore readers supporting these stances likely align with Sedgwick in viewing Jane’s marrying Mr. Lloyd as better than her marrying Erskine; however, consider that Sedgwick promotes Christian morality/values. Contemporary non-religious feminist/equalitist readers would likely desire for Jane to live independently: while this may not have been historically feasible, we can still prefer that Jane choose loyally to her self, that if she must marry, her choice does not sacrifice her identity. Works Cited and Consulted Foster, Edward Halsey. Catharine Maria Sedgwick. New York: Twayne, 1974. Harris, Susan K.. "'But is it any good?': Evaluating Nineteenth-Century American Women's Fiction." American Literature 63 (March 1991): 42-61. Sedgwick, Catherine Maria. A New England Tale, and Miscellanies. New York: Putnam, 1852.

life and career :: essays research papers

Life and Career The known facts of Chaucer's life are fragmentary and are based almost entirely on official records. He was born in London between 1340 and 1344, the son of John Chaucer, a vintner. In 1357 he was a page in the household of Prince Lionel, later duke of Clarence, whom he served for many years. In 1359–60 he was with the army of Edward III in France, where he was captured by the French but ransomed. By 1366 he had married Philippa Roet, who was probably the sister of John of Gaunt's third wife; she was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen. During the years 1370 to 1378, Chaucer was frequently employed on diplomatic missions to the Continent, visiting Italy in 1372–73 and in 1378. From 1374 on he held a number of official positions, among them comptroller of customs on furs, skins, and hides for the port of London (1374–86) and clerk of the king's works (1389–91). The official date of Chaucer's death is Oct. 25, 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0857256.html Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London, the son of a successful wine merchant. After probably spending many of his childhood days in London's Vintry, his father did not send him to apprenticeship school, but rather to the aristocratic house of the countess of Ulster. There he trained as a page and learned the mannerisms and skills of the ruling class. He continued to be engaged in English politics, serving people such as King Edward III and the county of Kent. He was involved in many diplomatic assignments to Spain, France and Italy. Works by Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch affected much of Chaucer's writings. In addition to these famous writers, Chaucer was influenced by other French, Italian, and Latin writers as well as philosophy, comedy, religion, astrology and other sciences. Chaucer used a variety of genres, styles, tones, and subject matters in this poems and his prose. He addressed

Child Labour Essay

Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence. Introduction But there are children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge. It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. When a child in order to earn his livelihood, does any kind of job, this act of earning a livelihood is called as Child Labour. Not all work done by children should be classified as child labour that is to be targeted for elimination. Children’s participation in work that does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their education is generally regarded as being something positive. Whether or not particular forms of â€Å"work† can be called â€Å"child labour† depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed and the conditions under which it is performed, as set out in the ILO Conventions. But before we go ahead, we must be clear about definition of child in our mind. In this regard United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)’s definition is regarded as standard, which defines â€Å"child† as anyone below the age of 18, and â€Å"child Labour† as some type of work performed by children below age 18. But, it must also be noted that individual governments may define â€Å"child† according to different ages or other criteria. Child and childhood are also defined differently by different cultures. a child is not necessarily defined by a fixed age. Social scientists point out that child’s abilities and maturities vary so much that defining a child’s maturity by calendar age can be misleading. Definition Child Labour is the natural outcome of extenuating circumstances, which evolve when the compelling forces of abject poverty, sprouting population, and non-existent facilities of health, education and welfare, exploited the deprived and disadvantaged populace. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines child Labour as: 1- When a child is working during early age 2- He overworks or gives over time to Labour 3- He works due to the psychologically, socially, and materialistic pressure 4- He becomes ready to Labour on a very low pay History The concept of child Labour got much attention during the 1990s when European countries announced a ban on the goods of the less-developed countries because of child Labour. The curse gained power in the industrial revolution at the end of nineteenth century. The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay, earning 10-20% of an adult male’s wages. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. Not only in the west, but also in the East and Middle-East countries, this curse was rooted in societies, but not as intensely, as in the West. With the passage of time, with growing economic pressure, people had no choice but to make their children share their economic burden and help them financially. Statistics According to estimates by International Labour Organization (ILO), in their report of 2006, the number of working children aged 5-14 years was globally190 million. Country Child Labour Remarks Asia 122 Million Greatest in Number Sub-Saharan Africa 50 Million 26% of total Latin America 5 Million Least Rest 13 Million – The following statistics summarise the key findings from the third ILO Global Report on Child Labour Accelerating action against child labour which contains new global estimates on child labour. Children comprise of 60% of the world’s total. On average, one child in every seven can be classified as a child labourer. The incidence of child labour is highest in Africa where 41% of 5-14 years old children are known to labour, compared with 25% in Asia and 17% in Latin America and Caribbean. In 2008, there were approximately 215 million child labourers, aged 5-17, in the world. Among them, 115 million children were in hazardous work (a term which is often used as a payment, only food and a place to sleep. Children in informal sector work receive no payment if they are injured or become ill, and can seek no protection if they suffer violence or are maltreated by their employer. 10% of these children are working 60 hours a week. Classification UNICEF has classified child work into three broad categories: 1. Within the Family Children are engaged without pay in domestic household tasks, agricultural pastoral work, handicraft/cottage industries etc. 2. Within the Family but outside the Home Children do agricultural/pastoral work which consists of (seasonal/ full-time) migrant labour, local agricultural work, domestic service, construction work and informal occupation e.g. recycling of waste- employed by others and self-employed. 3. Outside the Family Children are employed by others in bonded work, apprenticeship, skilled  trades (Carpet, embroidery, and brass/copper work), industrial unskilled occupations/ mines, domestic work, commercial work in shops and restaurants, begging, prostitution and pornography. Its further classifications are: a. Migrant Child Labour Child migrate from the rural area to the urban or from smaller to larger towns cities either with their families or alone. They migrate either for better employment opportunities or to escape from bondage b. Bonded Child Labour Children are pledged by their parents/guardians to employers in lieu of debts or payment. The rates of interest on loans are so high that the amount to be repaid accumulates every year, making repayment almost impossible c. Urban Child Labour The phenomenon of urban child labour includes street children. These children belong to three broad categories: i. Children on the Street Working children who have families but spend most of their time in streets They earn for themselves and may or may not contribute to the family income. ii. Children off the Streets Working children who have left their families in villages or towns and have migrated to the city. They do not have a place to live and hence spend their nights at the railway platforms, bus stands etc. They live independently and usually spend all that they earn in the same day. iii. Abandoned/Orphaned Children Working children without families or whose families have abandoned them They spend their lives on the streets without any kind of support and are hence the most exploited and abused of the lot. d. Invisible Child Labour Children work in the unorganized or/and informal sector. They do not come under the purview of law. They constitute a substantial proportion of the child labour in the country. Most of them do not go to school and are involved in criminal activities. Causes There are a number of causes which are responsible for this curse; some of the major of these is discussed as below: Poverty International Labour Organization (ILO) suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour. There is also the high inflation rate to contend with. As of 2008, 17.2% of the total population lives below the poverty line, which is the lowest figure in the history of Pakistan. Poverty levels in Pakistan appear to necessitate that children work in order to allow families to reach their target take†home pay. Literacy and Educational Problems Majority of the population of the country is illiterate. It is pitiful that they themselves do not want to get educated. This may be due to any of these reasons: Quality education is expensive. To get their children educated, parents have to work more and harder to meet the expenses. This leads to disappointment among the parents and they either send them to â€Å"Madrassas† or send them to work. A student who has just passed his matriculation exams, and unfortunately was not able to secure good marks has very dull chances of making a profitable career in the future. Thus he joins some workshop and starts learning mechanics which enables him to earn a livelihood in the future. This may take long, but this always works. There also exists a phobia among teen agers that education is very tough, demanding and difficult. So, sometimes they do not go for education and always are in quest of alternatives. Irrelevant, non-effective and non- standardized, non-vocational education has made schools and education system just a burden to society. Illiterate parents do not realize the need for a proper physical, emotional and cognitive development of their child. As they are illiterate, they do not realize the importance of education for their child. Traditional Values In third-world countries, where child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalized child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where informal economy and small household businesses  thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents’ footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services. Ignorance of Parents This is one of the important social cases often visible in step-parents and foster-parents. The parents are simply ignorant of adverse consequences of child labour. They just put their children to work and become contented that the total income of the house is increased. And if at all, they know about the circumstances, they are unaware of their rights and are less likely to complain or revolt. Sometimes, even adverse circumstances are noticed. The parents just leave their children alone and ask them to earn their livelihood themselves. Sometimes parents sell their children in order to repay debts or secure a loan. Ineffective Enforcement and Violation of the Legal Provisions Pertaining to Child Labour Even when laws or codes of conduct exist, they are often violated. For example, extensive subcontracting can intentionally or unintentionally hide the use of child labor. There may be a number of reasons for violation e.g. The laws may be vague, inconsistent or confusing. The government has not that much capabilities and resources to implement the laws. There may be some iron hands who do not want to implement the laws because of their own benefits. Justifications of Employers Child labour plays an important role in mills and factories because child labour is cheap, easily available, easily accessible and better managed as they are not able to unite against the exploitations. In countries with largest number of child labourers; India and Pakistan, mill owners justify the involvement of children in industry as they have nimble fingers which enable them to give special attention to details. Some, sort of work, they argue, can’t be done by adults as flawlessly as done by children e.g. embroidery, football stitching, carpeting, delicate glassware etc. On the  side of the firms, the low cost of child labour gave manufacturers a significant advantage in the Western marketplace, where they undersell their competitors from countries prohibiting child labour, often by improbable amounts. Other Factors Child soldiers are forcibly enlisted into military services and operations. The international sex trade places great value on child prostitutes. Girls and to a lesser extent boys also, are kidnapped from their homes (or sold) to networks of child traffickers supplying overseas markets: poverty and sexual and racial discrimination also drive children into tourist sex trade. Other factors may include high rate of inflation, population explosion, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth and resources, discrimination among the nation and against minority groups, poor infra-structure, outdated social customs and norms and plethora of other factors. Forms of Child labour During the year 2001 and 2002 the government of Pakistan carried out a series of consultation of tripartite partners and stakeholders (Labour Department, trade unions, employers and NGOs) in all the provinces. The objective was to identify the occupations and the categories of work, which may be considered as hazardous under the provisions of ILO Convention 182. As a result of these deliberations, a national consensus list of occupations and categories of work was identified, which is given below: Work inside underground mines over ground quarries, including blasting and assisting in blasting Work with power driven cutting machinery like saws, shears, and guillotines, ( Thrashers, fodder cutting machines, also marbles) Work with live electrical wires over 50V. All operation related to leather tanning process e.g. soaking, de-hairing, liming chrome tanning, de-liming, pickling de-fleshing, and ink application. Mixing or application of pesticides insecticide/fumigation. Sandblasting and other work involving exposure to free silica. Work with exposure to All toxic, explosive and carcinogenic chemicals e.g. ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, organic and inorganic acids, caustic soda, phosphorus, epoxy, resins, metal fumes of heavy metals like nickel, mercury chromium, lead, arsenic etc. Work with exposure to cement dust (cement industry and  construction industry) Work with exposure to coal dust Manufacture and sale of fireworks explosives Work at the sites where Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are filled in cylinders. Work on glass and metal furnaces Football stitching and making of toys Work in the clothe printing, dyeing and finishing sections Work inside sewer pipelines, pits, storage tanks Stone crushing Lifting and carrying of heavy weight specially in transport industry ( 15kg and above) Work between 10 pm to 8 am ( Hotel Industry) Carpet waving Working 2m above the floor All scavenging including garbage and hospital waste Tobacco processing ( including Niswar) and Manufacturing Deep fishing ( commercial fishing/ sea food and fish processing Sheep casing and wool industry Ship breaking Surgical instrument manufacturing specially in vendors workshop Bangles glass, furnaces Beggary, prostitution and other criminal activities Laws and Reforms Before we talk about labour laws, let’s first have a look at the constitutional provisions pertaining to child labour. †¢ Article 3: The state shall ensure the elimination of all forms of exploitation and the gradual fulfillment of fundamental principle, from each according to his ability and to each according to his work. †¢ Article 11(3): No child below the age of 14 years shall be engaged in any factory or mine or any other hazardous employment. †¢ Article 25(A): The state shall provide free and Setting-up credit and savings schemes in an attempt to provide alternatives to bonded labour. Vocational education is also one of the major clauses compulsory to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as determined by law. †¢ Article 37(e): The state shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work, ensuring that women and  children are not employed in vacations unsuited to their age or sex, and for maternity benefits for women in employment. Following instruments of legislation deal exclusively with the subject of child labour. †¢ The Employment of Children Act 1991 †¢ The Employment of Children Rules 1995 Other than these two, there are other laws as well which deal with the employment of children and regulate the working conditions for employed child workers. Mines Act, 1923 The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933 The Factories Act, 1934 The Road Transport Workers Ordinance, 1961 Shops and Establishments Ordinance, 1969 The Bonded Labour System Abolition Act 1992. The Punjab Compulsory Education Act 1994 Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 2001 Efforts to Reduce Child Labour Save the Children Movement Save the children has also been working with some of the sporting goods manufacturers represented by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCI) and their international partner brands, represented by the World Federation of the Sporting Goods Industry (WFSGI). This joint effort is aimed at ensuring that children are not employed to stitch footballs. Save the Children has also worked on project with the British Secretary of State for International Development to phase out child labour in Sialkot. The  £750,000 donated by Britain will be spent on education and training, and also on SPARC SPARC has conducted research that goes into producing its publications, including three major books on child labour, juvenile justice and child rights. Its annual report The State of Pakistan’s Children and a large number of brochures, SPARC has conducted a number of research studies. SPARC has continued to ask successive governments to upgrade their laws to set a legal age limit for employment in Pakistan, although they have not been successful in doing so. Other NGOs Other NGOs that has worked on the issue of child labour in Pakistan includes organization such as UNICEF. UNICEF supported the NCCWD in drafting of the Child Protection Law and the Child Protection Policy and initiated the establishment of Child Protection Monitoring and Data Collecting System. Many other NGO such as ROZAN has work to protect the children. SPARC is also an NGO. Impacts on Society Some of the impacts of Child labour are as follows: Stunted growth of future generation Inability to contribute to and benefit from development Citizens with accumulated frustration Adult unemployment Depreciation in wages Rising poverty level and economic inequality Increased abuse rate of children Heightened crime rate Increased illiteracy Citizens with inferiority complex Malnourished and sick citizens Political instability Inter-generational phenomenon of child labour Increased constrictions in the development process Wasted human resources, talents and skills Suggestions to Eradicate Child Labour Possibly there can be no remedies for this problem. However short and long measures are possible. Rather child labour is banned in law but it is there as crime. However, it needs to draw the attention of concerns to the issue so that the root causes of issue may be explored and take a step forward with better strategy to cope with the issue systematically. The law-breakers must be punished accordingly. The parents of the children should be motivated for the purpose. The support mechanism should include schooling facilities, evolve marketing linkages of certain occupations and crafts by making communities the owner of their business preventing from external exploitation The children we employ in our homes will grow up and head  families of similarly low income. They will want their children to earn for them the same way they did for their parents. A steady family profession will be established, which will repeat and multiply in each generation. Until and unless we remove this economic incentive for having more children, poverty and population control will remain elusive. By refusing to employ a child in your home, you can help solve the problem As the provision of universal and compulsory education should be fixed upto matriculation at least, in the very start. This education should be completely free with free provision of books and uniform. The banks should advance loans for the affected families, as by micro credit banks, to start some cottage industry at their homes. Loans should be interest less and very small installments should be covered. All such cottage industries should work under the supervision of an expert. Also, facilitate and sensitize Government to take steps getting workers out of debt. For the purpose special funds might be allocated. Children used to labour can be best equipped with manual competence, by inducting them to technical and professional training. For them, special vocational institutes should be opened for best results, where education and technical knowledge shall go hand-in-hand. Small stipends shall virtually work wonders. Disabled children must receive priority attention due to their particular vulnerability to exploitation in the worst forms of child labour on the streets. Civil society and media’s engagement can change the attitude. It can raise awareness among people about child labour, population growth and its adverse effects on health and development, thus alleviating children’s vulnerability to get abused. Children should be guarded against hard work, in accordance with the children’s right and human rights. They should be provided opportunities to better their lot by giving them a chance to physically, intellectually, morally and socially to grow, develop and progress. Various international agencies are closely cooperating by providing monetary assistance besides material goods. All these materials and funds should be employed for their welfare, and, no one should be allowed to rob them of rightful privileges and facilities. In this respect, there is wide scope for N.G.O’s should come forward and chalk out practical planning for the alleviations of child labour. Summary The project is about a very controversial issue: Child Labour. The report  conveys that how the innocent creatures are bound to work for longer hours in very minute amount of income and gaining benefit of them. Child labor is a multi-dimensional issue. With no intentions of demystifying this complex, one would focus on the difference between child labor and child work, and possible consequences of deliberate or unaware exercise of the two terms interchangeably. Child labor reflects the violation of child rights leading to exploitation and deprivations of all kinds. Child work reflects social inequity and insecurity, dearth of social safety networks, magnitude of poverty, lacking of opportunities for health and education, and financial independence. The report also states the classifications, forms, reasons and impacts of child labour on society. It further talks about different laws and organization working for these laws. It also points out the ways to stop this curse. References en.wikipedia.org/wiki/child_labour www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour www.unicef.org/protection/files/child_labour.pdf www.ilo.org/ipec/facts www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/what_is_child_labor.html www.child-abuse.laws.com/child-labor www.childlabour.in www.childinfo.org/labour_education.html www.elct.org/about/overview.html www.tnchildlabour.tn.gov.in/causes.html www.childlabordata.com/the-effects.html Bibliography Child Labour & Educational Disadvantage a Review by Gordon Brown